Chapter 1: The World Through Our Senses Sensory Organs, Stimuli and Senses Sense Touch Taste Smell

Sight Hearing Sensory Organ Stimuli Detected

Form 2 Science

Touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold Taste (chemicals in food) Smell (Chemicals in air) Light Sound

Response to stimuli

Sense of Touch - Skin

(f)

Pressure receptor Touch receptor

Pain receptor Heat receptor

Cold receptor Sweat glands

Chapter 1: The World Through Our Senses Receptor Function

Form 2 Science

Sensitive to touch. Many are found in hairless areas such as lips and fingertips. Sensitive to pain. They lie in the epidermis, close to the surface to detect the slightest pain. Sensitive to heat. Sensitive to cold. Together with heat receptors, they enable us to know how hot or cold an object is. Sensitive to heavy pressure. Found deep within the skin especially at the soles of the feet. Together with the touch receptors, they enable us to identify the texture and weight of an object.

Sensitivity of the skin depends on:

The larger the concentration of receptors, the more sensitive the skin is

The thicker the epidermis, the deeper the receptors lie in the skin, thus the less sensitive the skin is

Parts of body which is more sensitive

Parts of body which is less sensitive

Elbows

Back of body

Lips

Knees

Fingertips

Chapter 1: The World Through Our Senses Sense of Touch - Nose

Form 2 Science

Smell Receptor

Nasal cavity

Brain

Adaptation of the nose to detect smell

The smell receptors are always covered with mucus. Smells must dissolve in the mucus before they can be detected.

Smell receptors are located at the roof of the nasal cavity. This position allows the receptors to have the maximum exposure to the air current.

Sense of Touch - Tongue How tastes are detected: As we chew the food, chemicals in the food dissolve in the saliva. The dissolved chemicals stimulate the taste receptors in the taste buds to produce nerve impulses that are sent along nerves to the brain. The brain interprets the impulses and identifies the taste of the food.

Chapter 1: The World Through Our Senses Sense of Touch - Ear

Form 2 Science

Part Pinna Outer ear

Structure Shaped like a funnel. Made of cartilage and skin. A 2.5cm long, narrow tube lined with hair A thin, stretched membrane at the end of the ear canal. 3 small bones that connect the eardrum and oval window. A thin, small membrane at the end of the ossicles. A narrow tube that connects the middle ear to the back of the throat. A coiled tube filled with fluid and lined with hairlike sensory throat. Nerve fibres that connect the ear to the brain. 3 semi-circular tubes situated at right angles to each other. Contain fluid and sensory cells.

Function

Ear / auditory canal Eardrum

Ossicles Middle ear

Oval window Eustachian tube Cochlea

Inner ear

Auditory nerve Semicircular canals

Chapter 1: The World Through Our Senses Mechanism of hearing: Sound reaches the ear Sounds is heard

Form 2 Science

Chapter 1: The World Through Our Senses Sense of Touch - Eyes

Form 2 Science

Chapter 1: The World Through Our Senses Parts Sclera Structure White, tough outer layer. Fibrous and opaque. Black, middle layer. Rich with blood vessels. Innermost layer. Contains photoreceptors known as cones and rods. Curved transparent layer of the sclera in front of the eye. Thin transparent layer in front of the cornea. Coloured front part of the eye that is continuous with the choroid. Consist of muscles. The hole in the centre of the iris. Transparent, biconvex and elastic disc. Muscles attached to the lens. Strong fibres that connects the lens to the ciliary body. Watery, transparent liquid between the cornea and lens. Thick, transparent jelly-like substance inside the eyeball The most sensitive spot on the retina. Located directly opposite the pupil. The spot where the optic nerve leaves the eye. Has no photoreceptor at all. Consists of nerves that connect the retina to the brain. Function

Form 2 Science

Choroid

Retina

Cornea

Conjunctiva

Iris

Pupil Lens

Ciliary body Suspensory ligaments Aqueous Humour

Vitreous humour

Yellow spot (fovea)

Blind spot

Optic nerve

Chapter 1: The World Through Our Senses Mechanism of sight: Light rays from object Object is seen

Form 2 Science