ELECTRICAL ENERGY AND POWER

By Uneh Sunarni Adde Lisma Priyanti Dwi Yatmi Yudiprihastuti Henny Rondonuwu

Standard Competence
Understanding the electrical concept and its application in daily life

Basic Competence
Describe the relationship between electrical energy and electrical power and its beneficial in daily life

Objective

The students are able to : 1. Explain what is the meaning of electrical energy and its unit 2.state some electrical hazards and precautionary measures to ensure the safe use of electricity at home 3.Explain what is the meaning of electrical power and its unit

4. Solve simple problems on the cost of using electrical appliances, using kilowatt-hour, as a unit of electrical energy consumption 5. Explain the beneficial of electrical energy and power in house holds 6. Describe the electrical energy conversion

6. discuss the importance of reducing electrical energy wastage 7. show an appreciation how to economizing the electrical energy, and conserve energy

Science words
electrical energy electrical power

Electrical energy
How can the batteries produce electrical energy?

 The battery contains material that can cause chemical reaction. The chemical reaction happens only when the negative pole (zinc) is connected to the positive pole (carbon rod)

 When the battery is connected to the electrical circuit a chemical reaction between zinc and electrolyte solution in the battery is happens, so it produces electron flow from the negative pole to the positive pole through a conductor wire The movement of electrons produces Electrical Energy

hich lamp is more brighter?Why?

6V

4,5V

The lamp A has higher electrical energy, while B has lower electrical energy.

Components of a Circuit
Power Source Conductor Load

 When the batteries are used to turn on the lamps they work equal to the increase of electrical energy. The chemical energy in batteries becomes electrical energy and the charges flow from a to b because of potential difference. So, the electrical energy can be written as follow :

W=QV

W = Electrical energy (joule) Q = Electrical charge (coulomb) V = Potential difference (volt)

Q=It
t = time (second) I = Electrical current (ampere)

W=VIt

Exercise
1. An electrical stove having a voltage of 220 V is passed by electrical current of 2 A. How much is the electrical energy used for: a) 10 seconds b) 1 minute

2.In a conductor wire, it flows electrical current of 5 A for 20 minutes. The amount of electrical charge that flows in the conductor wire is.

Safe Use of Electricity

Dangers of Electricity
(a) In the case of wet conditions and damaged insulation, such as in old and frayed wiring,
exposed live wire live wires become loose and make contact with the metal casing

What is the consequence? metal casing becomes live user may be electrocuted if come into contact with metal casing.

This is especially dangerous when the human body is wet due to perspiration, high humidity or even with wet hand from the tap.

(b) Overloading of cables at home Having many appliances plug to one power outlet at the same time. What is the consequence? When a large electric current flows through the power outlet, plugs, and wire, overheating occurs, which can possibly cause a fire.

Conclusion
Electrical energy is energy that produced by the presence of electrical current in a conductor material Electrical energy Equation: W = Q V or W=V I t Dangers of Electricity:
1. In the case of wet conditions and damaged insulation, such as in old and frayed wiring, 2. Overloading of cables at home

Thank You

Electrical Power
Electrical power is the rate at which electrical energy is converted into other forms of energy.
SI unit for power is watt (W) one joule of energy used per sec

Pay Your Electricity Bills

We pay for the electrical energy used in our home, which depends on: The power output of the electrical appliance, and the time it is in use. As the SI unit for energy, J (watt x second) is too small for the large amount of electrical energy, a more convenient unit, the kWh, is used: 1 kWh is called 1 unit.
kWh Kilowatt

Energy used = Power x Time

Go to Video 19.1

Hour

w o n K u ? Did Yo ??

Using & Paying for Electricity 1 kWh is

called 1 unit.

The cost of using electricity is given as:

Cost = Energy consumed x Cost per unit

Sample of Calculation
The diagram shows the information given on an electric iron.
220 V to 240 V Ac only Model XYZ 1000 1200 Watts

If electricity costs 16 cents per unit, what is the cost of using the iron at maximum power for 30 minutes everyday in May? Cost of electricity = Energy consumed x Cost per unit = Power x Time x Cost per unit
= 1.2 x 0.5 x 31 x 16

= 153.6 cents = $1.54

Socket & Plug

Many electrical appliances obtain electrical supply from the sockets.
There are mainly two types of plugs: - two-pin plugs - three-pin plugs (more commonly used) In a three-pin plug, three types of wires: Live, neutral and earth, are connected to their specified terminals respectively. This will connect the appliances through the power sockets to the mains.

Each wire connected to L, N and E terminals and is colour coded: Live BROWN Neutral BLUE Earth Yellow Green

Fuse
A fuse is a short piece of wire, which is fitted on the live wire. It heats up and melts when overheated, i.e., when the electric current flowing through it is higher that its current rating.

The copper wire in each fuse is made up of different thickness: This allow different amount of maximum current to flow through before it becomes overheated and melts. The fuse rating indicates the maximum current that it can tolerate before breaking a circuit.

Circuit breaker
A circuit breaker works like a fuse. It breaks a circuit when too much electric current is detected in the circuit.

The basic circuit breaker consists of a simple switch, connected to either a bimetallic strip or an electromagnet.
Current through a body unbalances the active and neutral currents, and the circuit opens. Latch Spring load Active wire Neutral wire Earth wire

Earth wire
For the sake of safety, an earth wire connects the metal body of an electrical appliances directly o the earth.
N L

Heating element

This is because, if there is an damaged insulation, such that the metal casing is in contact with a live wire, the metal casing will become live. Thus, if user accidentally comes into contact with the metal casing, part of the conducting path for current will be formed to complete its circuit. As a result, user may be electrocuted.
Earthing an appliance is only useful when the appliance has a metal casing.

Double insulation
Some appliances have casing made of insulating materials , such as plastics. Thus, they have double insulation. Hand-held electrical appliance, such as hair dryer, is protected by double insulation.

Such appliances do not have metal casing or conducting part in contact with the user. Hence, no earth wire connection is provided.

Consumer unit
A consumer unit has four main safety devices:

1. Main switch
It is connected to the live wire from the main supply, so it connects or cuts off the electricity supply to a whole building or a house.

2. Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) is a small electromagnetic switch. It

It operates like a fuse but it breaks the circuit by tripping its switch when the current exceeds its rating.

3. Residual Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB)

It contains an electromagnetic switch that breaks the circuit when current flowing through the earth wire exceeds 30 mA or when there is faulty equipments being used.

4. Fuse

Refer to previous slide

19.3 Reducing Electrical Energy Wastage We need to reduce electrical energy wastage because:
Our electricity bills will increase when the price of fuels increase Only a limited supply of fossil fuels is available Burning of natural gases causes pollution

Ways to reduce electrical energy wastage:

Switch off electrical devices when they are not in use Use energy-efficient electrical appliances Regular checking of refrigerators for air leakage Service air conditioners and clean their air filters regularly Use energy-saving bulbs instead of incandescent light bulbs