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ALTERNATING
CURRENT (AC)
CIRCUITS
PART I
1
INTRODUCTION
• This chapter will focus on circuit analysis with
varying source voltage or current(sinusoidally).
2
INTRODUCTION contd.
3
INTRODUCTION contd.
4
INTRODUCTION contd.
GENERATING AC VOLTAGE
5
INTRODUCTION contd.
6
WAVEFORM TERMS & DEFINITIONS
• The definitions for all terms are stated as below,
7
WAVEFORM TERMS & DEFINITIONS contd.
8
SINUSOIDS
• Consider the expression of a sinusoidal voltage
v (t ) Vm sin t
where
9
SINUSOIDS contd.
10
SINUSOIDS contd.
12
SINUSOIDS contd.
v (t ) Vm sin t
v (t ) Vm sin t
where
= phase angle of the sinusoid function
13
SINUSOIDS contd.
14
SINUSOIDS contd.
Example:
2. Find the amplitude, phase, period and
frequency of the sinusoid
v (t ) 12sin 50t 10
Solution:
Amplitude, Vm = 12V
Phase, = 10˚
Angular frequency, ω = 50rad/s
2 2
thus the period, T = 0.1257s
50
1
The frequency, f = 7.958Hz
T 15
SINUSOIDS contd.
Solution:
a) Given ω = 120π = 2πf, thus f = 60Hz
b) T = 1/f = 16.67ms
c) V = V = 300 cos (120πx2.778m + 30°)
= 300 cos (60° + 30°) = 0V
d) Vrms = 300/√2 = 212.13V
16
SINUSOIDS contd.
17
SINUSOIDS contd.
• If
≠ 0 we can say v and v are out of phase.
1 2
• If = 0 we can say v1 and v2 are in phase.
18
SINUSOIDS contd.
where A t
19
SINUSOIDS contd.
Example:
• For the following sinusoidal voltage, find the
value v at t = 0s and t = 0.5s.
Solution:
at t = 0s at t = 0.5s
v = 6 cos (0+60˚) v = 6 cos (50 rads +60˚)
= 3V = 4.26V
Note: both ωt and must be in same unit before adding them up.
20
SINUSOIDS contd.
Solution:
21
SINUSOIDS contd.
and
v2 = 12 sin (ωt - 10°) = 12 cos (ωt - 10° - 90°)
= 12 sin (ωt - 100°)
22
PHASORS
• Sinusoid can be express in terms of phasors,
which are more convenient to work with than
sine and cosine functions.
• Recall:
Complex number can be written in:
a) Rectangular form:
z = x + jy
23
PHASORS contd.
• Polar form:
z r
• Exponential form:
j
z re
where r is the magnitude of z and is the phase of
z.
24
PHASORS contd.
25
PHASORS contd.
y
r x y2 2
; tan 1
x
or
x r cos ; y r sin
z x jy r r cos j r sin
27
PHASORS contd.
Square root: z r 2
Complex conjugate: z * x jy r re j
1
note: j
j
j 1
28
PHASORS contd.
v (t ) Vm cos t
29
PHASORS contd.
v (t ) Vm cos t
Vm
Vm cos j Vm sin
• For example:
Transform the sinusoid:
v(t) = 12 cos (377t - 60˚)
31
PHASORS contd.
• Sinusoid-phasor transformation:
Vm cos t Vm
Vm sin t Vm 90
Im cos t Im
Im sin t Im 90
32
PHASORS contd.
33
PHASORS contd.
Vm Vm cos t
34
PHASORS contd.
Example:
Given y1 = 20 cos (100t - 30°) and y2 = 40 cos (100t + 60°).
Express y1 + y2 as a single cosine function.
Solution:
In phasor form
y1 20 30 & y 2 4060
y1 y 2 20 30 4060
17.31 j 10 20 j 34.64
37.32 j 24.64
44.7233.4
IMPEDANCE
V
Z or V ZI
I
where
V Vm V & I Im I
37
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS IN PHASOR DOMAIN contd.
Z = R + jX
• Example:
– Impedance Z = R + jX is said to be inductance or
lagging since current lags voltage.
– Impedance Z = R – jX is said to be capacitive or leading
since current leads voltage.
R
and
R Z cos ; X Z sin
39
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS IN PHASOR DOMAIN contd.
ADMITTANCE
1 I
Y
Z V
40
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS IN PHASOR DOMAIN contd.
Y = G + jB
• Or
1
Y
Z
1
G jB
R jX
41
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS IN PHASOR DOMAIN contd.
Z=R
• Voltage-current relationship is
given by
V = IZ
42
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS IN PHASOR DOMAIN contd.
• In phasor diagram,
43
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS IN PHASOR DOMAIN contd.
ZL = jXL
= jωL
= j2πfL
• Voltage-current relationship is
given by
V = IZ
= I(jωL)
44
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS IN PHASOR DOMAIN contd.
• In phasor diagram,
45
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS IN PHASOR DOMAIN contd.
ZC = -jXC
= -j/(ωC)
= 1/(jωC)
= 1/(j2πfC)
• Voltage-current relationship is
given by
V = IZ
= I/(jωC)
46
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS IN PHASOR DOMAIN contd.
• In phasor diagram,
47
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS IN PHASOR DOMAIN contd.
R R 0 Z=R Y = 1/R V = RI
ZC = -jXc V=
C 0 XC = 1/ωC Y = jωC
= -j/ωC I/jωC
48
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS IN PHASOR DOMAIN contd.
EXAMPLE:
Solution:
• Inductance reactance, XL = ωL =
40000(75mH) = 3000Ω
a) Phasor voltage,
V = IZ
(4 x103 38)( j3000)
1252
g) Steady-state expression,
50
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS IN PHASOR DOMAIN contd.
51
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS IN PHASOR DOMAIN contd.
VS 100
The impedance is
1 1
Z 5 5 5 j2.5
j C j 4(0.1)
I 1.788826.5651
V IZC 4.4720 63.4349V
jC j 4(0.1)
In time domain,
i(t) = 1.7888 cos (4t + 26.5651°)A
v(t) = 4.4720 cos (4t – 63.4349°)V
53
KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS IN THE
FREQUENCY DOMAIN
• In phasor domain:
– Recall:
KVL – states that the algebraic sum of phasor voltages
around a loop is zero.
KCL – states that the algebraic sum of phasor currents
at a node is zero.
Example:
Four branches terminate at a common node. The
reference direction of each branch current (i1, i2, i3
and i4) is toward the node. If i1= 100 cos(ωt + 25°),
i2 = 100 cos(ωt + 145°), i3 = 100 cos(ωt - 95°), i4 =
100 cos (ωt - 95°). Find i4.
Solution:
By using the phasor concept, I1 = 100 25°, I2 =
100 145°, I3 = 100 -95°. Applying KCL,
I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 = 0
100 25° + 100 145° + 100 -95° + I4 = 0 55
KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS IN THE FREQUENCY DOMAIN contd.
56