Guide To Parallel Operating Systems With Win7 and Linux Chapter 1 Presentation

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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux

Chapter 1 Hardware Components
Objectives
Explain the use of virtual machine technology to run multiple operating systems concurrently Describe the hardware components of a personal computer system Describe the peripheral components that may be attached to a personal computer system Describe the preventive maintenance for a computer system Connect and test a personal computer system
Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux 3
Virtual Machine Technology

Virtualized systems:
Systems that appear to be real but are actually simulations
Virtualization:
Use of virtualization software that allows the physical hardware of a single PC to run multiple operating systems simultaneously in virtual machines (VMs)
Guest operating system:

Runs inside a VM
Virtual Machine Technology (continued)

Host operating system:
Runs on the physical computer system
Virtual machine technology:

Allows multiple operating systems to run concurrently on a single PC
Virtualization:
Allows you to concurrently operate incompatible operating systems in one hardware environment
Figure 1-1 Linux and Windows virtual machines on desktop

Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning Windows 7 Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux 6
Virtual Machine Technology (continued)
Figure 1-2 Virtual machine technology

Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux 7
Hardware Components of a PC System

Desktop computer: PC used in an office work station
Desktop computer case comprises several devices:
Power supply: provides the necessary voltages Cooling system: removes heat generated by the PC Motherboard: main circuit board for the PC Microprocessor: central processing unit (CPU) for PC Memory: electronic storage for programs and data Firmware: instructions in ROM used to start the PC Ports: used to connect external devices to the PC Adapters: cards that provide capabilities to the PC
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Cases
House and protect main electronic components Form factor: size and configuration of case or part IBM XT PC: early standard for case configuration Evolution of desktop computer:
AT (advanced technology) model The miniAT The small footprint PC
Tower chassis configuration: placed under a desk
Cases (continued)
Figure 1-3 Form factors

Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning
10
Cases (continued)
Portable computer:
PC designed to be easily transported and relocated
Laptop computers:
Typically weigh less than five pounds Use LCD-screen technology May not possess the same ports as a desktop Many have built-in network adapters
Netbooks:
Have smaller displays, less memory, and less powerful processors
Power Supplies
The power supply is located in a sealed metal box Functions performed by power supply hardware:
Converts 110-volt AC current to DC current for PC Provides clean power feed to PC components
Power supplies have standardized plugs 80 PLUS:

Promotes more electrical energy-efficient computer power supplies Certifies products that have more than 80% energy efficiency at rated loads
Power Supplies (continued)
Figure 1-4 Power supply

Cooling Systems
A PC generates 75-200 watts of heat Consequences of poor heat dissipation
Mysterious system crashes Premature failure of computer components
Fans circulating air dissipate heat within the case Special considerations for microprocessor
Uses a heat sink attached to dissipate heat May be liquid cooled Temperature should not exceed 120-130 degrees Fahrenheit
Motherboards
Main circuit board inside a PC case Main components of the motherboard:
Processor socket Memory slots Hard drive connectors Expansion slots
Daughter boards can be plugged into motherboard
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Motherboards (continued)
Figure 1-5 Motherboard

Microprocessor
A CPU (central processing unit) on a chip Electronic engine that contains logic circuits Tasks performed by the microprocessor:
Arithmetic: e.g., adding and subtracting Logic operations; e. g, comparing two numbers Transferring numbers between registers
Register: small amount of high-speed memory
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Microprocessor (continued)
Figure 1-6 AMD microprocessor

Buses
Sets of circuits on the motherboard Responsible for transferring data in the computer Expansion bus: links adapter boards to CPU and memory All buses consist of two parts:
Data bus: transfers actual data Address bus: transfers location information for data
Size of a bus (width) determines data throughput:

Example: 32-bit bus transmits 32 bits of data
Memory
Electronic holding area for programs and data Types of memory used in your PC:
RAM (random access memory)
Refers to read-and-write memory (typically volatile)
ROM (read-only memory)

Instructions for starting the PC (nonvolatile)
PROM (programmable read-only memory)

Type of ROM that stores a program (nonvolatile)
EPROM (erasable PROM)

PROM that may be erased with ultraviolet light
EEPROM (electrically erasable PROM)

EPROM that may be erased with an electrical charge
Memory (continued)
Figure 1-7 Memory module

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Firmware
Combination of software and hardware:
Examples: ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM
BIOS (basic input/output system):

Type of firmware Supports PC during start-up Controls keyboard, output text, reads from disk drives
BIOS is typically placed in a firmware chip PCs have a flash BIOS Setup program shows hardware controlled by BIOS
Firmware (continued)
Figure 1-8 BIOS setup screen in Virtual PC 2007 Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux 23
Input/Output Ports
Also abbreviated as I/O ports Two types of legacy ports:
Serial: used for modems, digitizer tablets, others Parallel: used for printers
USB ports are replacing serial and parallel ports Front of the case: extra USB and FireWire ports Connectors are identified by gender:
Male connector: copper pins exposed; e.g., serial Female connector: holes are present; e.g., parallel
Figure 1-9 Back of computer showing I/O ports

Serial Ports
Transfer data one bit at a time Legacy hardware RS-232 (recommended standard-232):
Standard interface for transferring data over cables Cable connects device, such as mouse, to serial port
Check for male connectors to identify serial ports Check BIOS settings for allocated ports:
First four ports: COM1, COM2, COM3, and COM4
26
Parallel Ports
Transfer multiple bits in parallel Used to connect printers Check for female connector to identify a parallel port PC can support up to three parallel ports:
LPT1, LPT2, and LPT3
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Universal Serial Bus (USB)

Simplified connection of peripheral devices to PC Specifications for USB 1.1:
Maximum bandwidth of 1.5 Mbit for low-speed devices Maximum bandwidth of 12 Mbit for high-speed devices
Specifications for USB 2.0:

Maximum speed of 480 Mbps (60 MB/sec) Forward and backward compatibility with USB 1.1 USB 3.0 devices are beginning to appear on the market
FireWire
Sometimes called IEEE 1394 Very fast digital input/output system Provides transfer rates of up to 400 Mbps Processes managed while you are shooting video:
Digitization Compression Audio synchronization
FireWire in consumer products:

Expected to reach 3200 MBps or 3.2 GBps
Expansion Cards
Printed circuit boards inserted into motherboard Interconnect system components to add functionality Could add more USB ports to a desktop computer The term adapter usually refers to controllers:
Example:
Display adapters (video cards) SCSI (small computer system interface) adapters
30
Video Adapters
Plugged into video adapter boards Provide display capabilities:
Dependent on logic circuitry and display monitor
Important features in new modern video adapters:

Local memory for better resolution and color display Graphics coprocessors for graphics calculations
31
Sound Adapters
Record and play back sound Support digital audio and MIDI formats
MIDI: Musical Instrument Digital Interface
Sound cards:
Provide input ports for microphones Provide output ports for speakers and amplifiers
Integrated sound circuit provided on motherboard:

An alternative to a sound adapter Example: Intel AC 97
Provides audio with six channels
Disk Drive Controllers

Manage data transfer between the motherboard and disk drive Designed to communicate with expansion bus Standard controller architectures: ATA, SATA, SCSI If you add disk drives:
You may need to insert new controllers that come on expansion boards
33
ATA Controllers (Parallel)

Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA):
Integrates controller on disk drive itself
ATA/100: enhanced ATA interface

Transfers data up to 100 MB/sec
Parallel ATA (PATA):

Also known as Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) Motherboard controller supports one or two devices
Example: controller supports hard drive or CD-ROM
Two IDE controllers on PC (primary and secondary)

Each supports two drives: master and slave
SATA Controllers (Serial)

Evolution of the Parallel ATA physical storage interface Serial link:
Single cable with a minimum of four wires that creates a single connection between the controller and the drive
Transfer rates range from 1.5 to 3.0 Gbps Advantages:

SATA drives each have their own independent bus Cables are more flexible, thinner, and less massive
SCSI Controller
Small computer system interface controller Parallel interface used to attach peripherals to PCs Can interface with up to 15 peripheral devices Speeds may exceed speeds of SATA controllers Be aware of multiple variations of SCSI standard:
Two SCSI devices may be incompatible Example: several types of connectors are supported
36
Storage Devices
Mass storage devices:
Retain data even when the computer is turned off
Main types of mass storage:

Hard drives: fast, high capacity, some are portable Optical drives: encode data with lasers, high capacity Tape drives: cheap, high capacity, sequential access USB drives: portable, use flash or external hard drives
37
Hard Drives
Use rigid rotating platters to read and write on magnetic media Cabled to various controllers: PATA, SATA, SCSI May be connected to USB ports Typical configuration of a hard drive:
Spindle on which platters run at constant speed Read/write heads: one head for each platter face Armature moves the heads radially across the platters as they spin
38
Hard Drives (continued)
Figure 1-12 Hard drive

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Optical Drives
Use light produced by lasers to store data on disks Spin at high speeds, but slower than hard drives Types: CD-ROM, CD-RW, DVD-ROM, DVD-RW CD/DVD laser writers more powerful than readers Optical media are removable and inexpensive:
Most common format for distributing software
40
Figure 1-13 Optical drive

Tape Drives
Store computer data on magnetic tape Record data on a loop of flexible celluloid-like material that can be read and erased Have large capacity for storing data Less expensive than hard drive storage Disadvantage: data is read sequentially
42
USB Drives
Small, portable flash memory devices Plug into any computer with a USB port Have up to 256 GB of storage capacity Aliases: jump drives, pen drives, key drives Portable hard drive:
Disk drive that is plugged into an external port on a computer Example: USB or FireWire port
43
USB Drives (continued)
Figure 1-15 USB drive

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Communications Devices
Support data transmission between PCs or devices Modem (modulator-demodulator) types
Phone: converts between analog and digital signals Cable: supports high-speed broadband transmission
Network interface card (NIC)

Expansion board interfacing computer with LAN May be an expansion card that plugs into bus May be an interface on the motherboard
Wireless adapters
Provides wireless (radio) connection to LAN
Communications Devices (continued)
Figure 1-16 Phone and cable modems

Communications Devices (continued)
Figure 1-17 Network interface card

Peripheral Devices
External to the PC Input devices
Feed data into the PC
Keyboards
Similar to electric-typewriter keyboards Designed for input of text and control of computer Standard U.S. keyboard has 105 keys
48
Peripheral Devices (continued)

Pointing devices
Multiple functions; e.g., move pointer, select text Mouse: device that rolls on a flat surface Trackball: like a mouse that lies on its back Touch pad: small, touch-sensitive pad
Biometric devices
Biometrics: the science and technology of measuring and statistically analyzing biological data Fingerprint scanner
Records image of your finger and compares with previously scanned image

Digital/video cameras
Stores images on a flash card Stores frames on digital tape or a digital card
Output devices
Provide output from a PC Examples: CRT monitors, LCD panels, printers
CRT monitors
CRT (cathode-ray tube) technology
Used in televisions and computer display screens
50

LCD panels
Type of display used on laptop computers Most popular choice for flat-panel desktop monitors
Printers
Dot matrix:
Creates characters by striking pins against ink ribbon
Ink-jet:
Produces high-quality text and graphics
Laser:
Produces high-quality text and graphics
Preventive Maintenance
Regularly clean the unit to extend useful life Be aware of hazards that can harm PC:
Example: static electricity
Dispose of PC using proper procedures
52
Preventive Maintenance (continued)

Cleaning
Problem: dust and dirt cause excess heat Cleaning the outside
Wipe case and screen with mild cleaning solution Use compressed air to clear ventilation openings Clean the rollers in a mouse with a cotton swab
Cleaning the inside

Unplug power cord before cleaning inside case Use antistatic wipe to remove dust from inside case Clean expansion cards with isopropyl alcohol

Electrostatic discharge
Rapid discharge of static electricity Can occur whenever case is open Internal components are extremely susceptible Ground PC before touching internal components
Hazards
Can injure you, including high voltage shocks
High voltages in capacitors

May retain a charge long after power is removed
Charge could damage equipment and cause shocks

Power supplies
Motherboards have a small voltage running when the PC is plugged in
CRT monitors
Voltages inside can kill you Flyback transformer generates up to 20,000 volts
Fires
Electrical fire can strike your office or home Use a type C or type ABC fire extinguisher
55

Disposal
Many PC components contain harmful ingredients:
Examples: lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, selenium
Guidelines for disposing of PCs and peripherals:

Take batteries to a recycling depot You may be able to return batteries to manufacturer Recycle CRT or submit it to hazardous waste program
Resources extracted from computers:

Gold, silver, copper, steel, aluminum, wire, cable Many extracted resources can be recycled

USB cables
Connect many devices to your computer Standard USB connector is called a USB-A
Video cables
The 15-pin VGA cable is common for monitors
Sound cables
Most common is the standard headphone jack
Data cables
Most common are FireWire and eSATA

Networking cables
The phone cable (RJ-11) is still used to connect modems to phone jacks for Internet connectivity Ethernet is the standard for wired networking Ethernet connector is attached to an 8-wire twisted pair cable
58
Cabling Up and Testing the PC

Arrange components as they will be used Connect various cords in sequence:
Example: connect tower case from bottom to top
Delay connection of USB devices:

Devices can be configured as they are plugged in Exceptions: mouse and keyboard
Test each component:

Examples: CRT shows image; mouse moves pointer Verify that each device has power Before correcting a problem, turn off the PC
Summary
Virtual machine technology:
Allows multiple operating systems to run concurrently on a single PC
Many hardware components make up a PC Peripherals:

Include input devices such as keyboards, mice, trackballs, and touch pads
Output devices:
Include CRT monitors, LCD panels, and printers
60
Summary (continued)
Preventive maintenance: responsibility of owner Many hazards can injure a PC user or damage a PC Some PC components:
Are not internal but are connected to the PC
Common connectors, such as USB:

Simplify the connection of components
When connecting components:

Start with the connector that is farthest from the power supply connector

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About the Presentations

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux

Virtual Machine Technology

Guest operating system:

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux

Virtual Machine Technology (continued)

Virtual machine technology:

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux

Figure 1-1 Linux and Windows virtual machines on desktop

Virtual Machine Technology (continued)

Figure 1-2 Virtual machine technology

Hardware Components of a PC System

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux

Tower chassis configuration: placed under a desk

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux

Figure 1-3 Form factors

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux

Power supplies have standardized plugs 80 PLUS:

Power Supplies (continued)

Figure 1-4 Power supply

Daughter boards can be plugged into motherboard

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux

Figure 1-5 Motherboard

Register: small amount of high-speed memory

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux

Figure 1-6 AMD microprocessor

Size of a bus (width) determines data throughput:

ROM (read-only memory)

PROM (programmable read-only memory)

EPROM (erasable PROM)

EEPROM (electrically erasable PROM)

Figure 1-7 Memory module

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux

BIOS (basic input/output system):

Figure 1-9 Back of computer showing I/O ports

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux

Universal Serial Bus (USB)

Specifications for USB 2.0:

FireWire in consumer products:

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux

Important features in new modern video adapters:

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux

Integrated sound circuit provided on motherboard:

Disk Drive Controllers

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux

ATA Controllers (Parallel)

ATA/100: enhanced ATA interface

Parallel ATA (PATA):

Two IDE controllers on PC (primary and secondary)

SATA Controllers (Serial)

Transfer rates range from 1.5 to 3.0 Gbps Advantages:

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux

Main types of mass storage:

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux

Hard Drives (continued)

Figure 1-12 Hard drive

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux

Figure 1-13 Optical drive

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux