Lec-1b Antenna Introduction

Antenna

An antenna or aerial is a device for radiating or receiving electromagnetic waves. There is little fundamental difference between transmitting and receiving antennas since very often same antenna is used for both purpose as in radar. Antennas are also defined as a metallic device (as a rod or wire for radiating or receiving radio waves)

Antenna
Since antennas play a very important part in a comm systems, it is essential to have thorough understanding of the principles on which they perform their task efficiently. In the past ants have been treated somewhat differently from the sys in which they are used. But in recent years ants are designed alongside the system. This is because it is essential to know the system performance as a whole rather than that of the antenna alone.

Antenna

Antenna connected to source by transmission

line-coax line/hollow pipe for tranportation

Antenna-Thevenin Equivalent

Thevenin equivalent of antenna in transmit mode

where Vg
=

Ideal generator

Zc = Characteristic Impedance ZA = Ant represented as load RL = Conduction and dielectric losses associated with ant Rr = Radiation Resistance XA = Imaginary part of impedance associated with ant
1/1

2/1

Antenna Basics

Ideally total energy transfer However, practically conduction-dielectric losses reflection Exact evaluation of values not possible &

Mismatch results into standing waves-rise in temp

Assumed max power transfer under conjugate matching Improper design-Xmn line an energy storage device Large field intensities-arching of xmn line

Losses undesirable feature

Minimization of losses low loss cable & reduction of loss resistance RL Standing wave reduction by matching ant & characteristic impedance analogous to matching loads to xmn line Similar circuit for ant system in Reception modesource replacing generator Rr in receive mode represented for transfer of energy from free space In addition to reception / xmn ant used for optimization/ suppressiondirectional device in addition to probing device

Antenna Basics

Types of Antenna

Wire Antennas
Very familiar automobiles, buildings, ships, aircrafts, spacecrafts etc Types-straight wire, loop,& helix Variations in loop Circular common simplicity of construction

Types of Antenna

Aperture Antennas
HF applications Suitable for ac, spacecraft-easily flush mounted Covered by dielectric-hazardous conditions
Conical Horn

Pyramidal Horn

Rect. Waveguide

Microstrip Antennas Metallic patch on grounded substrate

Suitable for ac, sc satellites, missiles, cars , mobile sets

Rectangular strip

Circular

 Array Antennas

Yagi-Uda

Slotted Waveguide

Microstrip patch

Aperture

Reflector Antennas

Parabolic Reflector (FF) Cassegrain Feed

Corner Reflector

Lens Antennas

n>1 Lenses

n<1 Lenses

End