ALAGAPPA CHETTIAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

CRYOGENICS AND ITS APPLICATION (THE CRYOCAR)

PRESENTED BY: SHANMUGA PRIYA.N.M. YAMUNASRI.V

INTRODUCTION
The word cryogenics literally means "the production of icy cold"; however the term is used today as a synonym for the low-temperature state. Cryogenics is the branch of physics and engineering at very low temperature.This includes how to produce them and how materials behave at that temperature. Operating temperature: -180 C. . This is a logical dividing line, since the normal boiling points of the socalled permanent gases (such as helium, hydrogen, neon, nitrogen, oxygen, and normal air) lie below -180 C while the Freon refrigerants, hydrogen sulfide, and other common refrigerants have boiling points above -180 C. Superconductivity at low temperaturesCryoelectronics. Utilisation of those science--Cryotronics

LIQUID NITROGEN Vs FOSSIL FUEL

To manufacture liquid nitrogen in large is ecofriendly , even if fossil fuels are required for power production

Exhaust gases produced by burning fossil fuels in power plant has Carbon dioxide and gaseous pollutants
This exhaust is diverted to nitrogen liquefaction plant where Carbon dioxide is condensed and removed in nitrogen chilling plant Then the Carbon dioxide is fed in to oil wells, deep mines, sub duction zones Environmentally more beneficial as desired

ALTERNATIVE- A MATTER OF NECESSITY

Liquid nitrogen, an alternative is storable in insulated cylinders thus eliminating transportation Liquid nitrogen serve as direct coolant for refrigeration, air conditioning and electrical units Exhaust is only nitrogen, a major constituent of atmosphere Thus cryogenic car brings solution for global warming in an manner appreciable

COMPONENTS IN CRYOCAR
THE ENGINE
It is a radial five-cylinder 15-hp air motor, drives the front wheels through a five-speed manual Volkswagen transmission.

STORAGE TANK
The liquid nitrogen is stored in a thermos-like stainless steel tank, or Dewar, that holds 24 gallons and is so well insulated that the nitrogen will stay liquid for weeks.

PUMP

At present the tank is pressurized with gaseous nitrogen to develop system pressure but a cryogenic liquid pump will be used for this purpose in the future

PREHEATER
A preheater, called an economizer, uses leftover heat in the engine's exhaust to preheat the liquid nitrogen before it enters the heat exchanger.

FANS
Two fans at the rear of the van draw air through the heat exchanger to enhance the transfer of ambient heat to the liquid nitrogen.

The important criteria we should consider in manufacturing this cryocar is on the design of the heat exchanger to prevent Frost formation.

WORKING PRINCIPLE
Operation similar to steam engine except there is no combustion Liquid nitrogen at 196 C is pressurized and vapourized in heat exchanger Heat exchanger uses air to heat and boil nitrogen

This heat exchanger is like the radiator of a car but instead of using air to cool water, it uses air to heat and boil liquid nitrogen.
Resulting high pressure nitrogen is fed to reciprocating steam engine

Exhaust is nitrogen only which is ecofriendly

PERFORMANCE
Energy density of liquid nitrogen is relatively better than battery system but less than gasoline system Liquid nitrogen car with 60 gallons gasoline tank has potential range of 200 miles which is twice compared to electric car. Studies indicate that liquid nitrogen automobiles will have significant performance and environmental advantages over electric vehicles. Refilling takes only 10 to 15 minutes Operating cost per mile of a liquid nitrogen car is not only less than that of electric car but will be actually competitive with gasoline car

CRYO Vs

NONCRYO

A test conducted with cryo and noncryo patterns of chevrolet 14 model showed an effective increase in the torque and horse power

FROST FORMATION
Unlike IC engines,using a cryogenic fuel require heat exchangers to warm and cool the working fluid. Frost formation during humid weather prevent heat flow To eliminate this defect, additional heat exchangers, weight, complexity, efficiency loss would be required Also multiple working fluids should be used

APPLICATION
Chilling and freezing equipments Freezing of foods and biotechnology products like vaccines and other drugs Chemical reactions to produce ingredients for drug production needs operation at -100 C Cryogenic transfer pumps are also available NASAs workhorse space shuttle uses cryogenic oxygen and hydrogen for getting in to orbits

REFERENCES
C. Knowlen, A.T. Mattick, A.P. Bruckner and A. Hertzberg, "High Efficiency Conversion Systems for Liquid Nitrogen Automobiles", Society of Automotive Engineers Inc, 1988. C. A. Ordonez, M. C. Plummer, R. F. Reidy "Cryogenic Heat Engines for Powering Zero Emission Vehicles", Proceedings of 2001 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, November 11-16, 2001, New York, NY. Kleppe J.A., Schneider R.N., "A Nitrogen Economy", Winter Meeting ASEE, Honolulu, HI, December, 1974.

J. Franz, C. A. Ordonez, A. Carlos, "Cryogenic Heat Engines Made Using Electrocaloric Capacitors", American Physical Society, Texas Section Fall Meeting, October 4-6, 2001 Fort Worth, Texas Meeting ID: TSF01, abstract #EC.009, 10/2001.

QUERIES..?

DHANYAVAADH THANK YOU