Chapter 3 SL

Slide 2.
Chapter 2
Formulating and clarifying the research topic
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 2.2
Learning outcomes
By the end of this chapter you should be able to: Generate ideas that will help in the choice of a suitable research topic; Identify the attributes of a good research topic; Turn research ideas into a research project that has clear research question (s) and objectives; Draft a research proposal
Slide 2.3
Formulating and clarifying your research topic

The important steps
Identifying the attributes of a good research topic Generating ideas that help you select a suitable topic Turning ideas into clear research questions and objectives Writing your research proposal
Slide 2.4
Attributes of a good research topic (1)

Capability: is it feasible?
Are you fascinated by the topic?
Do you have the necessary research skills?
Can you complete the project in the time available?

Will the research still be current when you finish?
Do you have sufficient financial and other resources?

Will you be able to gain access to data?
Slide 2.5

Appropriateness: is it worthwhile?
Will the examining institute's standards be met? Does the the topic contain issues with clear links to theory? Are the research questions and objectives clearly stated? Will the proposed research provide fresh insights into the topic? Are the findings likely to be symmetrical? Does the research topic match your career goals?
Slide 2.6
And - (if relevant) Does the topic relate clearly to an idea you were given possibly by your organisation ?
Slide 2.7
Generating research ideas

Useful Techniques
Rational thinking Searching the literature Brainstorming Exploring past projects Creative thinking Scanning the media Relevance Trees Discussion
Keeping an ideas notebook

Slide 2.8
Rational thinking
Examining your own strengths and interests Looking at past project titles Discussion Searching the literature Scanning the media
Slide 2.9
Creative thinking
Keeping a notebook of ideas Exploring personal preferences using past projects Relevance trees Brainstorming
Slide 2.10
Rational thinking and creative thinking

These techniques will generate possible project one of two outcomes: One or more possible project ideas that you might undertake; Absolute panic because nothing in which you are interested or which seems suitable has come to mind.
Slide 2.11
Examining own strengths and interests

Having some academic knowledge Look at those assignments for which you have received good grade. You may, as part of your reading, be able to focus more precisely on the sort of ideas about which you wish to conduct your research There is a need to think about your future
Slide 2.12
Looking at past project title

Dissertations; Theses. Scan your universitys list of past project titles for anything that captures your imagination Scanning actual research projects. You need to beware. The fact that a project is in your library is no guarantee of the quality of the arguments and observations it contains.
Slide 2.13
Discussion
Colleagues, friends, university tutors, practitioner and professional groups
Slide 2.14
Searching the literature

As part of your discussions, relevant literature may also be suggested. Sharp et al, (2002) discuss types of literature that are of particular use for generating research ideas. These include: Article in academic and professional journals; Reports; Books.
Slide 2.15
Scanning the media

Keeping up to date with items in the news can be a very rich source of ideas
Slide 2.16
Keeping a notebook of ideas

One of the more creative techniques that we all use is to keep a notebook of ideas. All this involves is simply noting down any interesting research ideas as you think of them and, of equal importance, what sparked off your thought. You can then pursue the idea using more rational thinking technique later.
Slide 2.17
Exploring personal preferences using past project

1. Select six projects that you like 2. For each of these six projects, note down your first thoughts in response to three questions(if responses for different projects are the same this does not matter); What appeals to you about the project? What is good about the project? Why is the project good?
Slide 2.18
Exploring personal preferences using past project

3. Select three projects you do not like. 4. For each of these three projects that you do not like. What do you dislike about the project? What is bad about the project? Why is the project bad?
Slide 2.19
Relevance tree
You start with a broad concept from which you generate further (usually more specific) topics. Each of these topics forms a separate branch from which you can generate further, more detailed sub branches. As you proceed down the sub branches more ideas are generated and recorded. These can then be examined and a number selected and combined to provide a research idea
Slide 2.20
Brainstorming
Define your problem that is, the sorts of ideas you are interested in as precisely as possible. Ask for suggestions, relating to the problem Record all suggestions, observing the following rules: No suggestion should be criticized or evaluated in any way before all ideas have been considered; All suggestions, however wild, should be recorded and considered As many suggestions as possible should be recorded. Review all the suggestions and explore what is meant by each. Analyze the list of suggestions and decide which appeal to to you most as research ideas why.
Slide 2.21
Refining research ideas

Using the Delphi Technique Conducting a preliminary study Continually testing out your ideas Integrating ideas
Refining topics given to you by your organisation
Slide 2.22
The Delphi technique

This involves using a group of people who are either involved or interested in the research idea to generate and choose a more specific research idea. To use this technique you need: 1. To brief the members of the group about the research idea; 2. At the end of the briefing to encourage group members to seek clarification and more information as appropriate; 3. To ask each member of the group including the originator of the research ideas based on the idea that has been described (justification)
Slide 2.23
The Delphi technique

1. To collect the research ideas in unedited and nonattributable form and to distribute them to all members of the group; 2. A second cycle of the process (steps 2 to 4)in which comment on the research ideas and revise their own contributions in the light of what others have said; 3. Subsequence cycles of the process until a consensus is reached . These either follow a similar pattern (steps 2 to 4)in or use discussion. Voting or some other method.
Slide 2.24
Writing research questions

Write research questions that are
Consistent with expected standards
Able to produce clear conclusions
At the right level ( not too difficult )

Not too descriptive
Use the Goldilocks Test

Clough and Nutbrown (2002)
Slide 2.25
Goldilocks test
Clough and Nutbrown use what they call the Goldilocks test to decide if research questions are either too big two small too hot or just right/ Too big need significant funding Too small are likely to be insufficient substance Too hot maybe so because sensitivities that may be aroused as a result of doing the research . This may be because of the timing of the research or the many other reasons that may be upset key people who have a role to play. Just right are those just right for investigation at this time by this research in this setting
Slide 2.26
Turning ideas into research projects (1)

Examples of research ideas and their derived focus questions
Table 2.2 Examples of research ideas and their derived focus research questions
Slide 2.27

Useful techniques
Start with a general focus question
Discuss areas of interest with your tutor
Slide 2.28

Writing clear research objectives
Check your examining bodys preferences for stated objectives Use a general focus question to achieve precise objectives
Saunders et al. (2009)
Slide 2.29

Include SMART Personal objectives
Specific: What precisely do you hope to achieve from undertaking the
research?
Measurable: What measures will you use to determine whether you

have achieved your objectives?(Secured a career-level first job in software design)
Achievable: Are the targets you have set for yourself achievable given
all the possible constraints?
Realistic: Given all other demands upon your time, will you have the
time and energy to complete the research on time?
Timely: Will you have time to accomplish all your objectives?

Slide 2.30
The importance of theory

Asking for opinions and gathering facts 'what' questions (descriptive research) Using questions that go beyond description and require analysis 'why' questions
Phillips and Pugh (2005)
In order to:
Explain phenomena Predict outcomes Analyse relationships Compare and generalise
Slide 2.31
Theory
A formulation regarding the cause and effect relationship between two or more variables, which may or may not have been tested
Slide 2.32
Threefold typology of theories

Grand, middle range and substantive theories
Creswell (2002) Figure 2.1 Grand, middle-range and substantive theories

Slide 2.33
Threefold typology of theories

Grand theories: Usually thought to be province of natural scientists . (that will lead to a whole new way of thinking about management) Middle range theories: which lack the capacity to change the way in which we think about the world but are nonetheless of significance . (some of the theories of human motivation well known to manager would be in this category. Substantive theories : that are restricted to a particular time, research setting, group or population or problem
Slide 2.34
Deductive approach and inductive approach

This discussion of theory dose assume that a clear theoretical position is developed prior to the collection of data (the deductive approach). This will not always be the case. It may be that your study is based on the principle of developing theory after data have been collected (the inductive approach)
Slide 2.35
Writing your research proposal

Purposes of the research proposal
To organise your ideas
To convince your audience

To contract with your client (your tutor) To meet ethical requirements
Slide 2.36
Content of your research proposal (1)
Title - likely to change during the process
Background - context within the literature
Research questions and objectives - what you seek to achieve
Slide 2.37
Content of your research proposal (2)
Method - can be in two parts: research design and data collection
Timescale and Resources - (finance, data access, equipment) References include some key literature sources
Slide 2.38
Evaluating research proposals
How the components of the proposal fit together
Viability of the proposal
Absence of preconceived ideas
Slide 2.39
Summary: Chapter 2
The best research topics
Formulate and clarify the topic Meet the requirements of the examining body Use a variety of techniques when generating research ideas Are focused on clear questions based on relevant literature
Slide 2.40
Summary: Chapter 2
The best research topics
Are theory dependent Have a proposal containing organised ideas
Tell the reader:

What will be done and why How it will be achieved

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Slide 2.

Formulating and clarifying your research topic

Attributes of a good research topic (1)

Can you complete the project in the time available?

Do you have sufficient financial and other resources?

Attributes of a good research topic (2)

Attributes of a good research topic (3)

Generating research ideas

Keeping an ideas notebook

Rational thinking and creative thinking

Examining own strengths and interests

Looking at past project title

Searching the literature

Scanning the media

Keeping a notebook of ideas

Exploring personal preferences using past project

Exploring personal preferences using past project

Refining research ideas

Refining topics given to you by your organisation

The Delphi technique

The Delphi technique

Writing research questions

At the right level ( not too difficult )

Use the Goldilocks Test

Turning ideas into research projects (1)

Turning ideas into research projects (2)

Discuss areas of interest with your tutor

Turning ideas into research projects (3)

Turning ideas into research projects (4)

Measurable: What measures will you use to determine whether you

Timely: Will you have time to accomplish all your objectives?

The importance of theory

Threefold typology of theories

Creswell (2002) Figure 2.1 Grand, middle-range and substantive theories

Threefold typology of theories

Deductive approach and inductive approach

Writing your research proposal

To convince your audience

Content of your research proposal (1)

Title - likely to change during the process

Background - context within the literature

Research questions and objectives - what you seek to achieve

Content of your research proposal (2)

Method - can be in two parts: research design and data collection

Evaluating research proposals

How the components of the proposal fit together

Viability of the proposal

Absence of preconceived ideas

Tell the reader:

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