Development of Teeth

Development of Teeth
The epithelial lining of oral cavity form a C- shaped structure the dental lamina. This lamina extends along the length of upper and lower jaw. From the dental lamina ten (10) dental buds arise in each jaw known as tooth bud. The Tooth develops from tooth bud

 The tooth bud (sometimes called the tooth germ) is an aggregation of cells that eventually form a tooth.

These cells are derived from the ectoderm of the first branchial arch and the mesenchyme of the neural crest.
The enamel organ is composed of the outer enamel epithelium, inner enamel epithelium, stellate reticulum and stratum intermedium.

 The cells of outer epithelial layer gives rise to ameloblasts, which produce enamel of teeth. The dental papilla contains cells that develop into odontoblasts, which are dentin-forming cells. Additionally, the junction between the dental papilla and inner enamel epithelium determines the crown shape of a tooth. Mesenchymal cells within the dental papilla are responsible for formation of tooth pulp. The location where the outer enamel epithelium and inner enamel epithelium join is called the cervical loop (enamel dental junction)

The mesenchyme surrounding the tooth bud is known as dental follicle. The dental follicle gives rise to three important entities: 1. Cementoblasts 2. Osteoblasts 3. Fibroblasts Cementoblasts form the cementum of a tooth. Osteoblasts give rise to the alveolar bone around the roots of teeth. Fibroblasts develop the periodontal ligaments which connect teeth to the alveolar bone through cementum.

 Tooth development is commonly divided into the following stages: 1. The bud stage 2. The cap stage 3. The bell stage

4. Maturation

Bud Stage
A tooth bud A-Stellate reticulum B-Dental papilla C-Cementum

 Along with the formation of the dental lamina, 10 round epithelial structures, each referred to as a bud, develop at the distal aspect of the dental lamina of each arch. These correspond to the 10 deciduous teeth of each dental arch, and they signify the bud stage of tooth development.

Cap Stage
The deep surface of the bud invaginates, it is called the cap stage. In cap stage there is an outer dental epithelium and an inner dental epithelium and a core of loose tissue (dental papilla)

Cap Stage
The first signs of an arrangement of cells in the tooth bud occur in the cap stage. There is aggregation of mesenchymal cells called the dental papilla. At this point, the tooth bud grows around the taking on the appearance of a cap, and becomes the enamel (or dental) organ.

Cap Stage
A condensation of mesenchymal cells called the dental follicle surrounds the enamel organ and limits the dental papilla. Eventually, the enamel organ will produce enamel, the dental papilla will produce dentin and pulp. The dental follicle will produce all the supporting structures of a tooth e.g. cementum and periodontal ligament.

Bell stage
Mesenchymal cells adjacent to inner dental epithelium differentiate into odontoblasts. The odontoblasts produce dentin The odontoblast layer persist throughout life. Epithelial cells of the outer dental epithelium differentiate into ameloblasts which produces enamel of tooth.

 Enamel deposition starts at the apex of tooth and spreads towards the neck. Finally ameloblasts form a thin membrane which sloughs off after the eruption of teeth. Cementum holds the tooth in place

Periodontal membrane binds the tooth with surrounding bone.

Incisor and Molar