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Hardiness
BATs AO1 Outline the concept of hardiness and the research of Kobasa and Maddi. AO2 Analyse and evaluate Kobasa and Maddis research
Use the sheet to make notes
Kobasa 1979
Studied 800 American business execs, assessing stress using Holmes and Rahes SRRS. 150 classified as high stress Some had high illness scores, but others had low Suggests something else modifying effects of stress
2.Commitment
- They had experienced a feeling of involvement or commitment to their job, and a sense of purpose in their activities. their lives, rather than seeing their life controlled by outside influences.
Try it out..
Complete the Hardiness questionnaire What could you correlate this score with? What ethical issues does this questionnaire throw up? Confidentiality, privacy, right to withdraw How could you deal with these issues? Anonymity, allow pps to withdraw at any time
Evaluation of research
Type A and hardiness Many type A individuals resistant to CHD. May be because they also possess aspects of hardy personality. Greer et al (1979) found that women with a fighting spirit were more likely to recover from cancer suggesting behaviour causes health/illness.
Evaluation of hardiness
The relative importance of the three aspects of 'hardiness (control, Commitment and challenge) is uncertain, although it is likely that control is the most significant of these. Watson and Clark (84) a simper explanation is that Hardy personalities have low Negative Affectivity (NA)
Evaluation of hardiness
Kobasa's studies have tended to involve middle-class businessmen - results cannot reliably be generalized to other social and cultural groups. Most research into link between hardiness and health has relied on data from selfreport questionnaires, which were difficult to fill in however new Personal Views Survey is better.
Plenary
Some people cope really well under pressure and others just crumble at the slightest hint of stress. Discuss how differences in personality factors can affect an individuals ability to cope with stress and the damage that having a stressful life could do to them. 12 marks In pairs or small groups plan how you would answer this question. Complete the essay for homework
II.
Hardiness at work
Employers can help by giving workers some degree of control over aspects of their jobs (Quick and Quick, 1984). One approach involves having employees working in groups to make certain managerial decisions or solve problems, such as how to improve the quality of the product they manufacture. Other approaches include allowing workers to have some control over their work hours, which tasks to work on, and the order in which they do them.