Tonya Donahoo 4th Hour

Introduction
Reactions can be used to make new

products, to break down reactants, or to provide a source of energy. The predictions made only relate to the identities and relative amounts of the products and reactants. It is very useful to predict exactly how much mass of a substance will be involved in a reaction. Such predictions are a part of chemistry known as stoichiometry.

What is Stoichiometry?
Mass and quantity relationships among

reactants and products in a chemical reaction.

Three-Step Method (Step 1)

1.

List what you know.

1. 2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Read problem twice. Organize the information from the problem statement in a list or table. Identify what you are asked to find, and write down the units for the answer. For all substances you will be working with, write formulas, and determine the molar masses. If there is a reaction, write an equation for it, making sure that it is balanced so you will have the correct mole ratios. List any conversion factors that you might need, such as molar masses, mole ratios, and unit conversions.

Three-Step Method (Step 2)

1.
1. 2.

Set up the problem

Analyze what needs to be done to get the answer. See if there is any information not in the problem that you need for the answer. Identify which value given can be used as a starting point. Write it on left side of a sheet of paper. On the right side, write an equals sign and a question mark with the units of the answer. Fill in the conversion factors necessary to convert from what is given in the problem to what is sought in the answer. Nearly all stoichiometry problems require the amounts of substances to be in moles, so use the molar masses from Step 1 to convert the amounts into moles, if necessary. If you need to change from amount of one substance to a different substance, use mole ratios derived from the balanced chemical equation. Remember that the mole ratio may not always be 1:1. Be sure to convert the data into appropriate units. When you have finished writing down your plan with all of the conversion factors, check to see if the units cancel each other. If they all cancel to give you the units you need for the answer, the setup is correct.

3.

4.

5. 6.

Three-Step Method (Step 3)

1.
1.

Estimate and calculate.

First, estimate your answer. One way to do this is to round off the numbers in the problem setup and make a quick calculation. Another way is to compare conversion factors in the setup and decide whether the answer should be bigger or smaller than the beginning value. Then, begin your calculations by working through the problem setup you made in Step 2. When you have finished your calculations, remember that you sill dont have the correct answer. You must round off and make sure that the answer has the correct number of significant digits. Always report the answer with the correct units, not just as a number. Compare your answer with the estimate. If they are not close, check all of your work. Make sure your answer is reasonable.

2. 3.

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6.

Problems with Amounts in Moles

Some problems involve data or answers in mole

amounts instead of mass amounts. These can be solved with an approach similar to that used to solve the problems having both data and answers in mass, but with a shortcut. There are fewer steps because one or both molar mass conversions are unnecessary. If both the answer and the given data are in moles, the only conversion factor necessary to solve the problem is the mole ratio.

Using Density with Stoichiometry

The key to solving any stoichiometry

problem is to always calculate in moles. Once the number of moles is determined, conversion factors can be used to convert to the mass in grams. Similarly, once the mass is known, the density of a substance can be used to convert from mass to volume.

Density and Stoichiometry

Density is defined as the mass of a

substance per unit volume, expressed as D=m/V. Once again, the key is to use the density value to set up a conversion factor that will cancel the units in the measurement you have and leave the units of the measurement for the answer.

Calculating Number of Atoms

Just as molar mass, density, and mole

ratios can be used as conversion factors in problems, Avogadros number, 6.022 x 1023, can be used to calculate the number of atoms or formula units participating in a reaction.

Stoichiometry Roadmap

Another Roadmap

Summary
Be sure to use the Three-Step Method

when solving a stoichiometry problem. Use conversion factors when necessary. Use Avogadros number to convert moles to atoms or formula units.

How can stoichiometry be used?

Air bags in cars

Car engines
Hot meals for soldiers

Stoichiometry in Air Bags

Air bags are designed to protect

occupants in a car from injuries during a high-speed front-end collision. When inflated, they gently slow down the occupants of a car so they do not strike the steering wheel, windshield, or instrument panel as hard as they would without the air bag.

Stoichiometry in Air Bags

Front-end collision transfers energy to a crash

sensor that signals the firing of the ignitor, which is similar to a small blasting cap. The ignitor provides heat energy to start a reaction in a mixture called the gas generate, which forms a gaseous product. The ignitor also raises the temperature and pressure within the reaction chamber, so the reaction occurs at a rate fast enough to fill the bag before the occupant strikes it. Reaction chamber releases the gas into the bag while a high-efficiency filter keeps the reactants and solid products away from the occupant.

Gas Generate Equation

Decomposition reaction:

2NaN3(s) 2Na(s) + 3N2(g) Single-Displacement Exothermic reaction that makes bag fill faster: 6Na(s) +Fe2O3(s) 3Na2O(s) + 2Fe(s) Na2O(s) + 2CO2(g) + H2O(g) 2NaHCO3(s)

Stoichiometry and Car Engines

Every time you drive a car, you use

stoichiometry to control how fast the car moves. Gasoline + air carbon dioxide +water + energy

Stoichiometry controls pollution?

Automobile manufacturers use

stoichiometry to predict when adjustments will be necessary to keep exhaust emissions within legal limits. They must be sure that the stoichiometric concerns are being met without raising costs too much.

More Hot Food

FRH - Flameless Ration Heater Each is a plastic sleeve containing a

paperboard-covered pad with holes in it. Within the pad are metal particles embedded in a polymeric matrix. The metal is 10% iron alloy, 90% magnesium. Mass: 20.0g, 8.1g magnesium Uses only 45mL of water

FRH
Water reacts with magnesium in an

exothermic single-displacement reaction: Mg(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(s)+ H2(g) 353kJ

Similar heater in campers. Its uses a

synthesis reaction: CaO(s) + H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(s)+64.4kJ

Hot Food for Soldiers

MRE - Meal, Ready-to-Eat Each is a complete main dish within a

pouch made of aluminum foil and plastic. Cannot be heated directly by burning trioxane(C3H6O3). Instead, the burning trioxane heats a metal cup of water containing the MRE pouch.

Summary
Stoichiometry is used when designing air

bags for cars. Stoichiometry has played a major part in constructing better ways of feeding soldiers that are in need of quick and easy meals.

Quiz
1. Stoichiometry is mass and quantity

2. 3. 4.

5.

relationships among _________ and ________ in a chemical reaction. The key to solving stoichiometry problems is to always calculate in ____? How is stoichiometry used? What kinds of reactions are used when an air bag inflates? Which meal uses trioxane? The MRE or FRH?

Answers
1. Reactants, products

2. Moles
3. Air bags, car engines, soldiers meals. 4. Decomposition, single-displacement. 5. MRE

Bibliography
Haber Process. Isua. 22 May 2009.

http://www.lsua.us/chem1001/sampletest/01M6fAns. htm Compounds in Gasoline. Elmhurst. 22 May 2009. http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/515gasoli necpdQUIZ.html