Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Slide 8-1
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 8-2
Chapter 8: Further Topics in Algebra
8.1 Sequences and Series
8.2 Arithmetic Sequences and Series
8.3 Geometric Sequences and Series
8.4 The Binomial Theorem
8.5 Mathematical Induction
8.6 Counting Theory
8.7 Probability
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 8-3
8.4 The Binomial Theorem
The binomial expansions







reveal a pattern.
0
1
2 2 2
3 3 2 2 3
4 4 3 2 2 3 4
5 5 4 3 2 2 3 4 5
( ) 1
( )
( ) 2
( ) 3 3
( ) 4 6 4
( ) 5 10 10 5
x y
x y x y
x y x xy y
x y x x y xy y
x y x x y x y xy y
x y x x y x y x y xy y
+ =
+ = +
+ = + +
+ = + + +
+ = + + + +
+ = + + + + +
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 8-4
8.4 A Binomial Expansion Pattern
The expansion of (x + y)
n
begins with x
n
and ends
with y
n
.
The variables in the terms after x
n
follow the
pattern x
n-1
y , x
n-2
y
2
, x
n-3
y
3
and so on to y
n
.
With each term the exponent on x decreases by 1
and the exponent on y increases by 1.
In each term, the sum of the exponents on x and y
is always n.
The coefficients of the expansion follow Pascals
triangle.

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 8-5
8.4 A Binomial Expansion Pattern
Pascals Triangle
Row




1 0
1 1 1
1 2 1 2
1 3 3 1 3
1 4 6 4 1 4
1 5 10 10 5 1 5
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 8-6
8.4 Pascals Triangle
Each row of the triangle begins with a 1 and ends
with a 1.
Each number in the triangle that is not a 1 is the
sum of the two numbers directly above it (one to
the right and one to the left.)
Numbering the rows of the triangle 0, 1, 2,
starting at the top, the numbers in row n are the
coefficients of x
n
, x
n-1
y , x
n-2
y
2
, x
n-3
y
3
, y
n
in
the expansion of (x + y)
n
.

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 8-7
8.4 n-Factorial
n-Factorial
For any positive integer n,

and
! ( 1)( 2) (3)(2)(1),
0! 1 .
n n n n =
=
Example Evaluate (a) 5! (b) 7!

Solution (a)

(b)
5! 5 4 3 2 1 120 = =
7! 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 5040 = =
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 8-8
8.4 Binomial Coefficients
Binomial Coefficient
For nonnegative integers n and r, with r < n,



!
!( )!
n r
n
n
C
r r n r
| |
= =
|

\ .
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 8-9
8.4 Binomial Coefficients
The symbols and for the binomial

coefficients are read n choose r

The values of are the values in the nth row

of Pascals triangle. So is the first number

in the third row and is the third.

n r
C
n
r
| |
|
\ .
n
r
| |
|
\ .
3
0
| |
|
\ .
3
2
| |
|
\ .
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 8-10
8.4 Evaluating Binomial Coefficients
Example Evaluate (a) (b)

Solution

(a)


(b)


6
2
| |
|
\ .
8
0
| |
|
\ .
6
6! 6! 6 5 4 3 2 1
15
2 2!(6 2)! 2!4! 2 1 4 3 2 1
| |
= = = =
|

\ .
8
8! 8! 8!
1
0 0!(8 0)! 0!8! 1 8!
| |
= = = =
|

\ .
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 8-11
8.4 The Binomial Theorem
Binomial Theorem
For any positive integers n,





1 2 2 3 3
1
( )
1 2 3
... ...
1
n n n n n
n r r n n
n n n
x y x x y x y x y
n n
x y xy y
r n


| | | | | |
+ = + + +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
| | | |
+ + + + +
| |

\ . \ .
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 8-12
8.4 Applying the Binomial Theorem
Example Write the binomial expansion of .

Solution Use the binomial theorem



9
( ) x y +
9 9 8 7 2 6 3
5 4 4 5 3 6 2 7
8 9
9 9 9
( )
1 2 3
9 9 9 9
4 5 6 7
9
8
x y x x y x y x y
x y x y x y x y
xy y
| | | | | |
+ = + + +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
| | | | | | | |
+ + + +
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .
| |
+ +
|
\ .
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 8-13
8.4 Applying the Binomial Theorem




9 9 8 7 2 6 3
5 4 4 5 3 6 2 7
8 9
9 8 7 2 6 3 5 4 4 5
3 6 2 7 8 9
9! 9! 9!
( )
1!8! 2!7! 3!6!
9! 9! 9! 9!
4!5! 5!4! 6!3! 7!2!
9!
8!1!
9 36 84 126 126
84 36 9
x y x x y x y x y
x y x y x y x y
xy y
x x y x y x y x y x y
x y x y xy y
+ = + + +
+ + + +
+ +
= + + + + +
+ + + +
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 8-14
8.4 Applying the Binomial Theorem
Example Expand .

Solution Use the binomial theorem with

and n = 5,



5
2
b
a
| |

|
\ .
2 3
5 5 4 3 2
4 5
5 5 5
( )
1 2 3 2 2 2 2
5
4 2 2
b b b b
a a a a a
b b
a
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
= + + +
| | | | | |
\ . \ . \ .
\ . \ . \ .
| |
| | | |
+ +
| | |
\ . \ .
\ .
,
2
b
x a y = =
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 8-15
8.4 Applying the Binomial Theorem
Solution


2 3
5 5 4 3 2
4 5
5 4 3 2 2 3 4 5
( ) 5 10 10
2 2 2 2
5
2 2
5 5 5 5 1
2 2 4 16 32
b b b b
a a a a a
b b
a
a a b a b a b ab b
| | | | | |
= + + +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .
= + +
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 8-16
8.4 rth Term of a Binomial Expansion
rth Term of the Binomial Expansion
The rth term of the binomial expansion of (x + y)
n
,
where n > r 1, is



( 1) 1
1
n r r
n
x y
r

| |
|

\ .
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 8-17
8.4 Finding a Specific Term of a Binomial
Expansion.
Example Find the fourth term of .

Solution Using n = 10, r = 4, x = a, y = 2b in the
formula, we find the fourth term is



10
( 2 ) a b +
7 3 7 3 7 3
10
(2 ) 120 8 960 .
3
a b a b a b
| |
= =
|
\ .