Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Project Supervisor
Dr. Xiaoping Liu
Group Members
Jonathan Evangelista
Tyler Ross
Romair Wong
Francis Idehen
Load Flow
|Voltage|
Voltage Angle
Total MW
Total MVAR
Bus 1
1.06
232.383
-16.9783
Bus 1
1.06
232.4232
-16.5455
Bus 2
1.0192
-10.3343
-47.8
3.9
Bus 2
1.0177
-10.313
-47.6246
4.0096
Bus 3
1.0205
-8.7835
-7.6
-1.6
Bus 3
1.0195
-8.7774
-7.8563
-1.6539
Bus 4
1.07
-14.2012
-11.2
-31.6245
Bus 4
1.07
-14.221
-11.291
-30.2953
Bus 5
1.0691
-13.3736
Bus 5
1.0615
-13.36
-0.0061
-12.4472
Bus 6
1.09
-13.3736
12.9585
Bus 6
1.09
-13.3596
0.0046
17.6355
Bus 7
1.0584
-14.9473
-29.5
-16.6
Bus 7
1.0559
-14.939
-29.5205
-12.6304
Bus 8
1.053
-15.1015
-9
-5.8
Bus 8
1.051
-15.0973
-8.9783
-5.7809
Bus 9
1.058
-14.7844
-3.5
-1.8
Bus 9
1.0569
-14.791
-3.5074
-1.8015
Bus 10
1.0554
-15.056
-6.1
-1.6
Bus 10
1.0552
-15.0576
-5.9094
-1.7403
Bus 11
1.0507
-15.1409
-13.5
-5.8
Bus 11
1.0504
-15.1563
-13.5668
-5.6964
Bus 12
1.0371
-16.0293
-14.9
-5
Bus 12
1.0355
-16.034
-14.9027
-5.0034
Bus 13
1.045
-4.9808
18.3
29.4137
Bus 13
1.045
-4.9826
18.3336
30.8398
Bus 14
1.01
-12.7161
-94.2
5.1746
Bus 14
1.01
-12.7251
-94.2055
6.0603
13.383
-35.356
13.3928
-35.0496
|Voltage|
Voltage Angle
Total MW
Total MVAR
Percentage
Voltage Angle
Percentage
Bus 1
0.00%
0.00%
Bus 2
0.0015
-0.15%
-0.0213
-0.21%
Bus 3
0.001
-0.10%
-0.0061
-0.07%
Bus 4
0.00%
0.0198
0.14%
Bus 5
0.0076
-0.72%
-0.0136
-0.10%
Bus 6
0.00%
-0.014
-0.10%
Bus 7
0.00247
-0.23%
-0.0083
-0.06%
Bus 8
0.002
-0.19%
-0.0042
-0.03%
Bus 9
0.00109
-0.10%
0.0066
0.04%
Bus 10
0.0002
-0.02%
0.0016
0.01%
Bus 11
0.0003
-0.03%
0.0154
0.10%
Bus 12
0.00157
-0.15%
0.0047
0.03%
Bus 13
0.00%
0.0018
0.04%
Bus 14
0.00%
0.009
0.07%
Voltage Angle
Total MW
Total MVAR
|Voltage|
Voltage Angle
Total MW
Total MVAR
Bus 1
1.06
232.3815
-17.5155
Bus 1
1.06
232.4232
-16.5455
Bus 2
1.0209
-10.367
-47.8
3.9
Bus 2
1.0177
-10.313
-47.6246
4.0096
Bus 3
1.0216
-8.7916
-7.6
-1.6
Bus 3
1.0195
-8.7774
-7.8563
-1.6539
Bus 4
1.07
-14.1069
-11.2
-36.202
Bus 4
1.07
-14.221
-11.291
-30.2953
Bus 5
1.0749
-13.4342
9.49E-14
-2.19E-13
Bus 5
1.0615
-13.36
-0.0061
-12.4472
Bus 6
1.09
-13.4342
-4.16E-14
9.3694
Bus 6
1.09
-13.3596
0.0046
17.6355
Bus 7
1.0699
-15.008
-29.5
-16.6
Bus 7
1.0559
-14.939
-29.5205
-23.2228
Bus 8
1.0625
-15.1374
-9
-5.8
Bus 8
1.051
-15.0973
-8.9783
-5.7809
Bus 9
1.0628
-14.7629
-3.5
-1.8
Bus 9
1.0569
-14.791
-3.5074
-1.8015
Bus 10
1.0562
-14.9641
-6.1
-1.6
Bus 10
1.0552
-15.0576
-5.9094
-1.7403
Bus 11
1.0524
-15.0704
-13.5
-5.8
Bus 11
1.0504
-15.1563
-13.5668
-5.6964
Bus 12
1.0444
-16.0215
-14.9
-5
Bus 12
1.0355
-16.034
-14.9027
-5.0034
Bus 13
1.045
-4.9801
18.3
27.6958
Bus 13
1.045
-4.9826
18.3336
30.8398
Bus 14
1.01
-12.71
-94.2
4.1137
Bus 14
1.01
-12.7251
-94.2055
6.0603
13.3815
-46.8386
13.3928
-45.642
Voltage Angle
Total MW
Total MVAR
Bus 1
1.06
232.383
-16.9783
Bus 2
1.0192
-10.3343
-47.8
3.9
Bus 3
1.0205
-8.7835
-7.6
-1.6
Bus 4
1.07
-14.2012
-11.2
-3.002
Bus 5
1.0691
-13.3736
-5.30E-14
5.98E-13
Bus 6
1.09
-13.3736
-2.19E-14
12.9585
Bus 7
1.0584
-14.9473
-29.5
-16.6
Bus 8
1.053
-15.1015
-9
-5.8
Bus 9
1.058
-14.7844
-3.5
-1.8
Bus 10
1.0554
-15.056
-6.1
-1.6
Bus 11
1.0507
-15.1409
-13.5
-5.8
Bus 12
1.0371
-16.0293
-14.9
-5
Bus 13
1.045
-4.9808
18.3
29.4137
Bus 14
1.01
-12.7161
-94.2
5.1746
13.383
-6.7335
State Estimation
Voltage Angle
Total MW
|Voltage|
Total MVAR
Voltage Angle
Total MW
Total MVAR
Bus 1
1.06
232.4307
-17.0215
Bus 1
1.06
232.383
-16.9783
Bus 2
1.0191
-10.3413
-47.2628
3.5936
Bus 2
1.0192
-10.3343
-47.8
3.9
Bus 3
1.0205
-8.7859
-5.2704
-1.0163
Bus 3
1.0205
-8.7835
-7.6
-1.6
Bus 4
1.07
-14.4591
-14.0875
-30.8252
Bus 4
1.07
-14.2012
-11.2
-31.6245
Bus 5
1.0692
-13.4532
-0.5992
0.419
Bus 5
1.0691
-13.3736
Bus 6
1.09
-13.4532
2.06E-13
12.8902
Bus 6
1.09
-13.3736
12.9585
Bus 7
1.0583
-15.0312
-29.3543
-17.4161
Bus 7
1.0584
-14.9473
-29.5
-16.6
Bus 8
1.0532
-15.1995
-8.4753
-5.5637
Bus 8
1.053
-15.1015
-9
-5.8
Bus 9
1.0578
-14.9584
-3.5714
-2.0719
Bus 9
1.058
-14.7844
-3.5
-1.8
Bus 10
1.0553
-15.3063
-6.0599
-1.5662
Bus 10
1.0554
-15.056
-6.1
-1.6
Bus 11
1.0506
-15.3832
-13.8465
-5.9414
Bus 11
1.0507
-15.1409
-13.5
-5.8
Bus 12
1.0372
-16.1718
-14.7264
-4.902
Bus 12
1.0371
-16.0293
-14.9
-5
Bus 13
1.045
-4.9819
18.3457
29.4057
Bus 13
1.045
-4.9808
18.3
29.4137
Bus 14
1.01
-12.7178
-94.144
5.191
Bus 14
1.01
-12.7161
-94.2
5.1746
13.3787
-34.8248
13.383
-35.356
Error(%)
Total MVAR
21
23.4392
Voltage Angle
Total MW
Bus 1
1.06
231.5597
-16.9621
51
10.7101
Bus 2
1.0188
-10.1864
-45.7472
1.0942
18
10.5085
Bus 3
1.0205
-8.6489
-5.4136
-1.4732
80
19.4064
Bus 4
1.07
-14.0739
-12.4318
-30.8687
40
14.7082
Bus 5
1.0697
-13.2223
-0.1336
2.0601
42
4.2677
Bus 6
1.09
-13.2223
-2.08E-15
12.5355
Bus 7
1.0579
-14.7869
-29.921
-18.9127
Bus 8
1.0535
-14.932
-9.2096
-4.11
Bus 9
1.0576
-14.5067
-1.5761
-3.2759
Bus 10
1.0554
-14.9276
-6.0775
-1.5762
Bus 11
1.0507
-15.0114
-13.6507
-5.9201
Bus 12
1.0374
-15.8773
-14.6957
-4.7037
Bus 13
1.045
-4.9902
14.2583
30.5225
Bus 14
1.01
-12.6292
-93.8491
5.2924
13.1121
-36.2979
Branch Power
20%:P1-13
20%:P2-3
20%:Q13-2
P1-3
75.5528
60%
60%
80%
100%
100%
90%
Q1-3
3.4136
90%
90%
100%
100%
100%
100%
P1-13
156.8302
0%
0%
70%
100%
80%
100%
Q1-13
-20.392
90%
80%
90%
100%
100%
100%
P2-3
-61.3705
70%
90%
0%
0%
100%
90%
Q2-3
17.2562
80%
100%
40%
80%
100%
100%
P2-5
28.246
90%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
Q2-5
-24.1087
90%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
P2-7
16.0969
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
10
Q2-7
-6.7685
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
11
P2-13
-54.4895
80%
90%
100%
100%
100%
100%
12
Q2-13
3.8999
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
13
P2-14
23.7171
100%
100%
90%
90%
90%
90%
14
Q2-14
-3.9695
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
15
P3-1
-72.7896
60%
70%
100%
100%
100%
90%
16
Q3-1
2.6675
100%
90%
100%
100%
100%
100%
17
P3-2
61.8928
70%
90%
20%
40%
100%
90%
18
Q3-2
-15.6085
80%
100%
30%
50%
100%
80%
Multimachine System
Equal area Criterion vs. Swing Equation
Single Machine System
Classical Representation of a
Multimachine System
Calculations
The Swing Equation:
=
2
2 +
cos +
=1
= +
+
= 2 2
The 9 Bus transmission system which was used as a test bench was taken from Power
System Control and Stability 2nd Edition by Anderson and Fouad:
Fault Analysis
FAULT ANALYSIS
Background
Objective
Methodology
Sample Calculations
GUI Flow Chart
Graphical User Interface
Extension of the project
Future Expansion
Problems Encounter
Insulation failure
Flashover
Physical Damage
Human error
Module Objective
Build a dynamic software package to assist users
to perform fault analysis
Kron Reductions
Method of Calculation(cont.)
Method of Calculation(cont.)
V = Y 1 bus I = Zbus I
Admittance Matrix
Y11
Y21
y31
y41
y12
y22
y32
y42
y13
y23
y33
y43
y14
y24
y34
y44
V1
Z11
VF
Z
= y21
V3
31
Z41
V4
V1
0
VF
I F
=
V3
0
V4
0
Current
I f =
During Fault Voltage
12
1 = 12
=
f
22
2 = =
32
3 = 32 I f =
22
42
4 = 42 I f =
22
I
Z12
Z22
Z32
Z42
Z13
Z23
Z33
Z43
Impedance Matrix
Z14
Z24
Z34
Z44
0
I f
0
0
22
Post Fault Voltages
12
12
Vf
1
V
22
22 f
V1
V1
Vf
Vf
Vf
Vf
V2
Vf
V2
Vf
32
=
+
=
+ 32 =
V3
Vf
Vf
V3
Vf
1
Vf
22
22
V4
Vf
Vf
V4
42
42
Vf
1
V
22
22 f
Method of Calculation(cont.)
Summary
Future Expansion
Optimal Economic
Dispatch
Points to be covered
Design Phases
Phase 1: Devise Algorithm suitable for
calculation of the Loss or B-Coefficients
of the system.
Phase 2: Obtain Optimal Economic
Dispatch.
Transmission Loss
Obtaining an
Expression for Transmission loss
for the System
Overall
transmission loss
expression for the
system
Flowchart for
Obtaining Loss
Coefficients
Minimize
Such That
Calculations
Incremental Production Cost
Overall Expression
Economic
Dispatch
Flowchart
Discuss Results/Problems
These results Verified with Test-bench.
Graphs show after each iteration, the system starts from a max
value then gradually begins to decrease closer to an optimal
operating point.
The values and cost functions used in 14-bus economic dispatch
were from another 14-bus system (Port Land State University).
15.21MW total system loss - compared to the 13.386MW on
original 14-bus data sheet.
14 bus incremental losses, cost and overall economic dispatch left
questionable.
At 15th iteration during the calculations of incremental loss, cost and
overall economic dispatch, error message stating matrix singular
or badly scaled occurred.
Future Improvements
dynamic retrieval of voltage and powers from
the Load Flow module of the program.
Include generator limits
Include transmission limits were omitted from
the analysis system. Simply, we considered the
system without these restrictions.
contingency in place should stability and fault
issues severely impede its ability to function.
Conclusion
Demonstration
Bus No.
Voltage Angle
Real Power
Reactive Power
-0.1299
-0.0577
0.0009
0.032
0.0002
-0.0203
-0.3685
2.0502
0.0022
0.2409
8.9359E-14
3.68549E-13
0.2409
1.2837E-14
-1.354
0.0041
0.354
0.0035
0.2269
0.002
-0.068
10
-0.0017
-0.5135
11
-0.0045
-0.619
12
0.015
1.0763
13
0.0095
-0.7228
14
0.032
-0.5035