FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS ISSUES ON

RADIATION BELTS AND REMEDIATION

MURI Highlights

Dennis Papadopoulos
University of Maryland, College Park
Interim Review
December 12, 2010
San Francisco, CA
Acknowledge Contributions:
BAE Systems AT: C.L.Chang, I. Doxas, J. Lebinsky
NRL: M. Lampe, G. Ganguli, J. Huba
2 2
OVERARCHING OBJECTIVES
TECHNICAL
DEVELOP QUANTITATIVE MODELS OF THE LOSS RATE OF
ENERGETIC PARTICLES IN THE INNER RADIATION BELTS
AND TEST AGAINST OBSERVATIONS
ASSES AND TEST CONCEPTS FOR CONTROLLED INJECTION
OF VLF/ELF/ULF WAVES IN THE RB FROM GROUND AND
SPACE PLATFORMS
PROVIDE THE PHYSICS UNDERPINNINGS THAT CAN LEAD
TO ACTIVE CONTROL THE ENERGETIC PARTICLE FLUX
TRAPPED IN THE RADIATION BELTS (RBR ; PRBR)
EDUCATIONAL
DEVELOP THE SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING MANPOWER
WITH THE INTERDISCIPLINARY SKILLS REQUIRED TO
ADDRESS FUTURE MAJOR TECHNICAL ISSUES OF NATIONAL
SIGNIFICANCE
3 3
Methodology-Resources
HAARP
DEMETER
DMSP
CONJUGATE BUOYS
LAPD
TOPICS ADDRESSED BY AN INTERPLAY OF THEORY/COMPUTATION,
LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS, FIELD EXPERIMENTS, SATELLITE
MEASUREMENTS AND DATA ANALYSIS
4 4
PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY
CHALLENGES
Radiate - Inject efficiently from space or ground VLF/ELF/ULF waves in the RB
Ionospheric Current Drive (ICD)
Performance of electric dipole antennas at VLF in plasmas (DSX - AF)
VLF generation in RB by injection of low ionization chemicals -
Innovative Injection Concepts Rotating Magnetic Field (RMF)
Propagate Guide waves to regions of enhanced RB
Injection to naturally occurring ducts
Generation of artificial ducts by ionospheric heaters (HAARP)
The missing 20 dB puzzle
Amplify Use the free energy stored in trapped energetic particles to amplify the VLF
wave power
The physics of Artificially Stimulated Emissions
Optimizing conditions for ASE
Precipitate Physics of particle precipitation with Wave Particle Interactions (WPI)
The physics of slot formation
The physics of energetic proton loss
How to precipitate without requiring resonance
Q1. Can we use ground HF to inject ELF in the relevant regions of the RB?
Current Status: Need the presence of an electrojet Polar Electrojet (PEJ) Ant.
Demeter
Stanford
MURI Challenge: Inject ELF using HF without needing an electrojet
Ionospheric Current Drive (ICD) Concept
2
exp( )
Bp
J it
B
o
e
V
A=
Step 1:
MS Wave
Step 2:
E field of MS wave drives Hall current in E-region
resulting in secondary antenna resembling PEJ
Injects SAW upwards and ELF in the
Earth-Ionosphere Waveguide
ICD
Modeling:
Generalize and modify Bob Lysaks code ( Lysak ,1997.)
u=-90
o

MS SAW
t= .56 sec
MS SAW
t=4.6 sec
Ionospheric
Model
Ground
B Field
Proof of Concept ICD Experiment Conducted under DARPA/BRIOCHE
Chang-Lebinsky-Milikh-Papadopoulos
2.8 MHz, O-mode
Implications of ICD to RB and RBR Potential Arecibo Tests
Eliasson-Papadopoulos: Oblique model includes spontaneous B field generation

cB
ct
=(c /ne)Vn VT
HF heating
SAW
injection
Concept to be tested
experimentally as soon as
Arecibo transmitter becomes
operational. Radiation Probes
could provide diagnostics
Papadopoulos and Chang GRL, 1985
B
Ground B field
B field at 90 km
Ganguly-Gordon-
Papadopoulos
PRL 1985
Implications of ICD to Navy ELF Communications:
Invited by Dr. Junker (ONR) to brief the National Naval Responsibility
(NNR) Underwater Communications Technical Panel
Key items: 1. ICD can provide ELF at all times and at all latitudes
2. It can provide a ship-towed mobile ELF system
Ejet Quiet
ICD
ICD
ICD
ICD
ICD
ICD
ICD
ICD
PEJ
PEJ
ULF-ELF (12-49 Hz) Thick Bars
ELF-VLF (500-8K Hz) Thin Lines
M5x10
9
A-m
2

Results of DARPA/BRIOCHE Campaign
Chang- Papadopoulos
ICD Scaling with Geomagnetic Latitude
E
= 5 S
=
500 S
B
h
MEELh~E
Secondary antenna efficiency
40 dB higher in equator
Cowling
effect
Dip Equator
ICD Scaling with Geomagnetic Latitude
B
h E
I
Hall Conductance vs. Geomagnetic Latitude
HAARP

M
eff
~ ILh ~ (EEL)Lh
M
eff
() ~ (5 10
9
)[
E()
5S
](
P
HF
3.6MW
)A m
2
~
~ (2.7 10
8
)E()(P
HF
/ MW)A m
2
For P
HF
=500 kW we get
M
eff
6x10
10
A-m
2
at H0
M
eff
1.5x10
10
A-m
2
at H6
For P
HF
=500 KW
M=6x10
10
A-m
2

M=1.5x10
10
A-m
2

Implications - Barge or Shipboard Option
High
Latitude
10
MHz
1 MHz
Equator
Strawman HF Array

HF frequency 8-10 MHz
Linear polarization
Twenty 25-kW solid
state transmitters
Ship provided power
4 MHz
Can provide theater and strategic sub
communications
Enhance Blue-Green laser tactical
communications by providing info as to transmit
and receive locations
Combination of low HF power and high HF
frequency requirements allow for mobile
option
ICD Emerged as a new as well as novel
technology for using ground based HF to inject
SAW in the RB

as well as an important contributor to
underwater communications and other DoD
applications
Q2: Can we use Rotating Magnetic Fields to Radiate Efficiently in Space
Plasmas and if so what is the use ?
MURI challenge: Use LAPD experiments in conjunction with
theory/modeling to understand the efficiency and utility of RMF
antennas
1. Efficient SAW generation
Satellites carrying
magnets use their spin
to inject SAW in RB
RM on ground can
inject SAW in the RB
Orbiting satellite carrying
superconducting or
permanent magnet
Controlling its spin results
in injection of SAW in the
RB
SAW
SAW
B
M
SAW
Ground
Ion
Q2: Can use Rotating Magnetic Fields to Radiate Efficiently in Space Plasmas
and if so what is the use ?
MURI challenge: Use LAPD experiments in conjunction with
theory/modeling to understand the efficiency and utility of RMF
antennas
2. Transverse B
w
does not vary with time - gradB
Q3: Can we break the electron adiabatic
invariance without the need of cyclotron
resonance ?
See Gekelman and Sharma presentations
Q4: Is it possible to consider a combined ground based RBR and PRBR
system?
Inject ULF (1-30 Hz) waves from the ground into the Proton
Radiation Belt (L~1.5-1.8 shells) to cause Pitch Angle
Diffusion (PAD) and increase proton precipitation


An array of superconducting
magnets, located at selected
footprints of the field lines
rotating at 1-30 Hz rate inject
Alfven waves into the RB.
These waves interact
resonantly with the trapped
energetic protons resulting in
increase of their precipitation
rate.
B0
trapped
o
PRBR Concept Motivated by vulnerability of submicron based electronics to
energetic protons
Briefed to DARPA Director and AF Deputy Assistant Secretary Steve Walker
2 2
2 2 3
2
1
2 2
2
/
1
( | |) ( )
for
As a result 1/ / before
reaching resonance (1/ 0)
z z e
pe pj
j
e j
j
z e z
z
kv
k c
k c
k v
k

e ee
e ee e
e
e

=
=O
=
+ O O
O
O

Ground Based RBR concept similar system with PRBR but relies on EMIC waves
Frequencies 10-70 Hz
There have never been any
EMIC studies in the
laboratory
See Moralles (UCLA) talk
Priority in
option phase
LAPD
Q5: What physics causes the 20 dB puzzle?

Starks, et al. (2008)
Anomalous Absorption
Good word but what is the underlying physics
(what do we hide under rug?)
Talks by Scales (VT), Wang (USC), Faust (SU) and Shao (UMCP)
Ion density measured at 670 km by
DEMETER overflying HAARP MZ
(connected points) along with the
numerical modeling (color traces).
Ion density, fraction of O+ ions, and vertical
ion velocity measured by two DMSP
satellites overflying HAARP MZ at 850 km.
Q6: How reliably can we generate ionospheric ducts?
Code validation See Milikh (UMCP)
Experiments conducted under
DARPA/BRIOCHE
Spin off HF focusing -> See Vartanyan (UMCP)
Q7: Are there ways to increase the probability of amplification?
Theoretical and experimental
studies using chirping
Q8: How good are our models
of ducted whistler propagation
?
Q9: How important is the Ionospheric
Alfven Resonator (AIR) ?
See Presentation by Anatoly Streltsov (Dartmouth)
Q10: What types of waves create the slot?
Talk by Gemelos (SU)
Q11: What is the radiation efficiency of high voltage electric dipoles in the
plasmasphere at whistler frequencies ?
Update by Qiu (SU)
Combine lightning and
Demeter data