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Chapter 3

Economic Challenges Facing Global and Domestic Business

Distinguish between microeconomics and macroeconomics.

Explain the factors that drive supply and demand. Describe the four types of market structures in a private enterprise system. Compare the three major types of economic systems.

Identify and describe the four stages of the business cycle.

Explain the factors that affect the

6 stability of a nations economy.

Discuss how monetary and fiscal policy are used to manage an economys performance. Describe the major global economic challenges of the 21st century.

Analysis of the choices people and governments make in allocating resources.

Supply: Amount of goods and services for sale at different prices. Demand: Willingness and ability of consumers to purchase goods and services at different prices.

The study of small economic units, such as individual consumers, families, and businesses.

 Demand curve - shows the amount of a product buyers will purchase at different prices. Driven by variety of factors like competition, price, larger economic events, and consumer preferences.

A change in overall demand, shifts to a new demand curve.

 Supply curve - shows the relationship between different prices and the quantities that sellers will offer for sale, regardless of demand.

Production plays a central role in determining the overall supply of goods and services.

 Supply and demand curves meet at the equilibrium price. Buyers and sellers make choices that restore the equilibrium price. Changes affect both supply and demand.

Issues For The Entire Society

Political, social, and legal environments differ in every country.

Economies generally classified in one of three categories:

Private enterprise system: capitalism or market economy Planned economies: socialism, communism

Mixed economies (combinations of the two)

The Private Enterprise System and Competition

Businesses meet needs of consumers and are rewarded through profit. Government favors a hands-off approach. Marketplace competition regulates economic life. Four degrees of competition:
Pure competition Monopolistic competition Oligopoly Monopoly

Government controls determine business ownership, profits, and resource allocation.

Communism Property owned and shared by the community under a strong central government. Adopted in early 20th century by many nations, but government-owned monopolies often suffered from inefficiency. Socialism Government ownership and operation of major industries, such as healthcare or communications. Some private ownership of industry allowed.

 Economic systems that combine features of private enterprise and planned economies. Mixture of public and private enterprise can vary widely from country to country. Process of converting a publicly owned company to a private one is called privatization.

Economic system should provide stable business environment and sustained growth.
Business decisions and consumer behavior differ at various stages of the business cycle:
ProsperityHigh consumer confidence, businesses expanding
RecessionCyclical economic contraction lasting for six months or longer DepressionExtended recession

RecoveryDeclining unemployment, increasing business activity

 Productivity: Relationships between the goods and services produced and the inputs needed to produce them.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Sum of all goods and services produced within a nations boundaries; a measure of national productivity.

GDP is tracked in the United States by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, a division of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

 Inflation is rising prices caused by a combination of excessive consumer demand and increases in the costs of raw materials. Core inflation rate measures inflation minus energy and food prices.
Demand-pull inflation - Excessive consumer demand.

Cost-push inflation - Rises in costs of the factors of production.

Hyperinflation - Soaring consumer prices.

Inflation devalues money - people can purchase less with what they have. Deflation is when prices continue to fall. Deflation can cause a weakened economy.

 Changing prices are tracked by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).

The monthly average change in prices of goods and services.

A multitude of items are priced to compile the data included in the CPI Market Basket

The Bureau of Labor Statistics calculates the CPI monthly along with other economic measures.

The unemployment rate is the percentage of total workforce actively seeking work but currently unemployed.

 Monetary Policy - government actions to increase or decrease the money supply and change banking policy and interest rates to influence consumer spending.
Expansionary monetary policy: Efforts to increase the money supply to reduce costs of borrowing and encourage new investment. Restrictive monetary policy: Efforts to decrease the monetary supply to curb rising prices and overexpansion.

The Federal Reserve System formulates and implements monetary policy.

Government uses monetary and fiscal policy to fight unemployment, increase spending, and reduce the duration and severity of economic recession.

 Fiscal Policy - Government actions to influence economic activity through decision about taxes and spending. The Federal Budget - Annual plan for how the government will raise and spend money in the coming year. The primary sources of government funds:
taxes, borrowing, fees

When the government spends more than the amount of money it raised, there is a budget deficit. When we borrow money to cover the deficit, the national debt is increased.

If the government has more money than it spends, there is a budget surplus.
National debt is tracked by the Government Accountability Office.

 International Terrorism
Shift to a global information economy

Aging of the worlds population

Growth of India and China straining commodity prices Enhancing competitiveness of every countrys workforce