In mission critical places like hospitals, the knowledge of the whereabouts of the doctors is very important.

Gathering of those information results during emergency situations like accidents. Any lacking or lagging of this information may even lead to death of the patient. Hence tracking the Important persons like Doctor becomes an important issue.

An RFID system may consist of components like Proximity readers Tags The purpose of an RFID system is to enable data to be transmitted Between a mobile device, called a tag, which is read by an RFID reader an Processed according to the needs of a particular application. The data Transmitted by the tag may provide identification or location information, or specifics about the product tagged, such as price, color, date of purchase, etc.

The TAG contains the internal Serial Code

The RFID Reader Transmits the TAGS Internal Serial Code to External UART
The Received Internal Serial code is Transmitted (Parallel) to the PIC Microcontroller The Internal Serial Code is Stored in Different Addresses (Indirect addressing) and the controller is Programmed for Authentication and Displayed in LCD The Central Computer is Used for Tracking the Whereabouts of the Important Persons and to Maintain the Database.

The basic components of the RFID READER and TAG are the following :

Antenna Microchip RF transceiver Decoder Band pass filter Amplifier

Here we are using micro strip antennas. Because it is very small and also we can easily etched to the RFID tag. In some systems, a single antenna to transmit and receive the signals. But in other systems, one antenna transmits and one antenna receives the signals. The antenna is available in a variety of shapes and sizes; these can be built into a doorframe to receive tag data from persons or things passing through the door, or mounted on an interstate tollbooth to monitor the traffic passing by on a freeway.

It is a small chip that contains the data. That is a 16-bit serial number. It is a silicon chip. It is volatile EEPROM memory. The microchip is used to store a unique identity and other information about the item. The tag contains a digital memory chip that is given a unique electronic product code.

The interrogator, an antenna packaged with a transceiver and decoder, emits a signal activating the RFID tag so it can read and write data to it.

The RF transceiver is the source of the RF energy used to activate and power the passive RFID tags. The RF transceiver controls and modulates the radio frequencies that the antenna transmits and receives. It filters and amplifies the signals from tag.

Decoder will decode the signal from the tag and forwarded to the amplifier. The data is encoded in the microchip.

Band pass filter is used for reducing the error and also it will pass the data to the host computer.

Amplifier is for increasing the signal level of the signal from the decoder and passes the signal to the host computer.

GP 20 Proximity Reader is used in this project

RFID tags are of three types . They are

Active Semi-passive Passive

We are using PASSIVE Type of Tags in this Project.
External Appearance

Passive RFID tags have no internal power supply. The minute electrical current induced in the antenna by the incoming radio frequency signal provides just enough power for the CMOS integrated circuit (IC) in the tag to power up and transmit a response.

Most passive tags signal by backscattering the carrier signal from the reader. This means that the aerial (antenna) has to be designed to both collect powers from the incoming signal and also to transmit the outbound backscatter signal. The response of a passive RFID tag is not just an ID number , tag chip can contain nonvolatile EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) for storing data.

Active RFID tags or beacons, on the other hand, have their own Internal power source, which is used to power any ICs and generate the Outgoing signal.
They may have longer range and larger memories than Passive tags, as well as the ability to store additional information sent by the transceiver. Because passive tags are cheaper to manufacture and have no battery, the majority of RFID tags in existence are of the passive variety.

The data from the RFID Reader is received by the external UART, which is of the 0-5 V level. In order to transmit the data through RS232 we need covert the 0-5 V to +/- 12V level (RS 232 Logic), which is done by MAX 232 Level converter.

The most common communication interface for short distance is RS-232. RS-232 defines a serial communication for one device to one computer communication port, with speeds up to 19,200 Baud Rate. Typically 7 or 8 bits (on/off) signal is transmitted to represent a character or digit. The 9-pin connector is used

RF technology is used in many different applications, such as television, radio, cellular phones, radar, and automatic identification systems. The term RFID (radio frequency identification) describes the use of radio frequency signals to provide automatic identification of terms. RFID is used in applications such as:

Electronic toll collection (ETC) Railway car identification and tracking Access control Intermodal container identification Fuel dispensing loyalty programs Automobile immobilizing (security) Item management for retail, health care, and logistics

The Distance between the TAG And the Reader For Identification is 20cm which can be Increased by using High end (Range) RFID Readers A ISD (Play Back Voice IC) IC Can be implemented to tell Which room is entering and whether he is allowed to Enter or not.

An Door (OPEN/LOCK) System can be Implemented On Authenticating the Person.

Password System Can be implemented at the time of entry

The usage of RFID will become more wider in future as its price will come down. The interchangeability of RFID equipment of different manufactures are possible in future.

Since the PIC Micro controller used in this project provides the simultaneous monitoring of parameters and fast execution, the project can be used in many real-time applications. Here in this project authenticating and tracking is done in a hospital wherein the whereabouts of the Doctors, Patients and visitors are very important .
Thus Effectively we are able to Authenticate , Track and maintain a Database of the whereabouts of Doctors , Patients and Visitors in Critical Hospital Environment .