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Topics Covered: 1. Introduction 2. Psychological approaches to alien contact and abduction claims 3. Related anomalous memory effects 4. Conclusion
Major wave of sightings Project Bluebook First report of human-ET contact (Adamski)
1957: First abduction claim (Boas) 1961: Hills classic abduction claim
Other objects seen from unusual angles Blemishes produced during processing Artefacts of digital photography, cf. orbs Deliberate hoaxes
Driving from Montreal to New Hampshire in September 1961 Saw a UFO Barney got out of the car to investigate Saw alien faces through the windows of the UFO Got scared and drove home Arrived home two hours later than expected missing time Betty began having dreams of being taken on board the spaceship
Years later
Hills consulted a psychiatrist, Dr Benjamin Simon, with respect to marital problems Under hypnosis, relived full abduction experience Car had been stopped by aliens Taken on board spaceship, medically examined Betty shown star map of trade routes
Whitley Strieber
Two best-selling books published in 1987 led to further interest in alien abductions and an increase in the number of claims Whitley Striebers Communion was the true story of the authors own experiences Strieber was a successful writer of horror stories with a vivid imagination Philip Klass (1988) presented critique, pointing out that Strieber claimed to have had many unusual experiences
attacked by skeleton on a motorbike when he was 12 claimed to have been present during sniper attack later admitted he had just made it up
Budd Hopkins
New York artist, published Intruders also in 1987 Claimed alien abduction much more common than realised Involved sexual abuse as part of crossbreeding project Places great emphasis upon missing time and uses hypnosis to retrieve memories
Common Themes
Mostly greys these days Tours of the aliens ship Trips to other planets Receipt of messages to humanity, often involving warnings of future destruction through pollution or nuclear war Abduction scenario is part of our culture
Incidence
Strieber (1998) claimed to have received almost a quarter of a million letters from individuals claiming alien contact It is often claimed that many more people have experienced alien abduction than actually report it because
people know that they will be ridiculed if they tell others of their bizarre experience it is claimed that the aliens are able to erase the memories of the abductees for the experience
Waking up paralysed with a sense of a strange person or presence or something else in the room. [18%] Experiencing a period of time of an hour or more in which you were apparently lost, but you could not remember why or where you had been. [13%] Feeling that you were actually flying through the air although you didnt know how or why. [10%]
Seeing unusual lights or balls of light in a room without knowing what was causing them or where they came from. [8%] Finding puzzling scars on your body and neither you nor anyone else remembering how you received them or where you got them. [8%]
Hopkins et al. (1992) claimed that if you said yes to four or more of these items, you had probably been abducted by aliens 2% of their sample Extrapolated to 3.7 million Americans! 340 every day since 1961 (Klass, 1997)?! Actual number of people with abduction memories far less than that but still thousands of people worldwide
Motivations
Financial? Social?
Occasional hoaxes (e.g., Travis Walton) but most claimants appear to be sincere and avoid any kind of publicity
Alien implants
mundane explanation disappear before scientific analysis
Psychopathology? (1)
Major psychopathology is no more common amongst abductees than the general population
Bartholomew, Basterfield, & Howard, 1991 Bloecher, Clamar, & Hopkins, 1985 Mack, 1994 Parnell & Sprinkle, 1990 Rodeghier et al., 1991 Spanos, Cross, Dickson, & DuBreuil, 1993
Psychopathology? (2)
Parnell and Sprinkle (1990): those who claimed to have communicated with aliens had a significantly greater tendency to endorse unusual feelings, thoughts, and attitudes; to be suspicious or distrustful; and to be creative, imaginative, or possibly have schizoid tendencies
Psychopathology? (3)
Rodeghier et al. (1991): relatively higher levels of loneliness, unhappiness, and poorer sleep patterns. Mack (1994) and Ring & Rosing (1990): high levels of childhood trauma.
Psychopathology? (4)
Ring & Rosing (1990): also reported that, as children, abductees were more sensitive to non-ordinary realities. Stone-Carmen (1994) found that 57% of her sample of abductees reported suicide attempts.
Fantasy-prone personalities are typically excellent hypnotic subjects, but are also noted for their profound fantasy lives. They spend a great deal of their time fantasising and report that when they imagine something, it appears to them as real as real.
The hallucinatory nature of their fantasies leads to frequent confusions between imagination and reality. In line with typical abductees, these individuals often report paranormal experiences of various types and often believe themselves to be psychic.
Studies comparing groups directly with questionnaire measures have typically not found differences (e.g., Rodeghier et al., 1991; Spanos et al., 1993) except for French et al. (2008) Ring & Rosing (1990) reported that UFO experiencers were not generally more fantasy-prone, but as children were more sensitive to non-ordinary realities (?)
Dissociation
Dissociative tendencies (i.e., the tendency for some mental processes to temporarily split off from the normal stream of consciousness) have been shown to be higher in those claiming alien contact than in control groups (e.g., Powers, 1994; French et al., 2008).
Tendency to dissociate is associated with histories of childhood trauma which in turn are correlated with fantasy proneness It has been argued that the tendency to dissociate is a defensive mechanism which allows traumatised children to escape the unbearable reality of their lives by entering a more acceptable fantasy world.
Possible explanations:
fantasy-prone individuals have appropriate psychological profile to experience genuine paranormal events OR fantasy-prone individuals imagine paranormal events but think they are real
with fantasy-proneness developing as defence mechanism as previously described OR reports of childhood trauma are themselves fantasies
Hypnotic Regression
Used by many investigators (e.g., Hopkins, Mack) to unlock repressed memories of abduction, but ... it actually encourages the production of fantasy-based narratives which are then believed in as if they were memories for events which actually occurred.
They readily respond[ed] to an initial suggestion with an elaborate and detailed story, with little need for prodding along the way, [] the contents bore striking similarities to alleged real abductions, both in more obvious matters and in odd, minute details (Bullard, 1989)
Clancy, McNally, Schacter, Lenzenweger, and Pitman (2002) used DRM to compare three groups:
those with conscious memories of alien abduction those who believed themselves to have been abducted but had no memories of it those who did not claim to have been abducted
French, Santomauro, Hamilton, Fox, & Thalbourne (2008) Experiencers scored higher than matched controls on dissociativity, absorption, fantasy proneness and measures of paranormal belief and experience No significant differences on direct measure of susceptibility to false memories (DRM task) Experiencers also reported higher incidence of sleep paralysis
Sleep Paralysis
auditory/visual hallucinations (lights, strange figures) pressure on the chest floating sensations
Persinger claims he can artificially induce similar firing patterns in the temporal lobes leading to reports of unusual sensations (e.g., Blackmore, 1994) and even the subjective appearance of apparitions (Persinger, Tiller, & Koren, 2000). But Granqvist et al. (2005) failed to replicate such effects and claimed that Persingers results were best explained in terms of suggestibility of participants and poor doubleblind procedures (Persinger rejected this)
There is evidence to suggest that reputedly haunted locations are associated with unusual patterns of electromagnetic activity (see French, Haque, Bunton-Stasyshyn, & Davis, in press, Cortex, for review) but results inconsistent
79 volunteers exposed to unusual EMFs, infrasound, both or neither for 50 mins Unusual sensations and experiences recorded Many participants reported unusual sensations (e.g., sense of presence, terror, etc) but unrelated to condition! Was related to score on TLS scale which correlates with suggestibility
In 1952 one Virginia Tighe was hypnotized. She reported details of a previous life in Cork, Ireland, as Bridey Murphy. While hypnotized, she spoke in a distinct Irish accent that she did not have normally and described her life in Cork in great detail. Her case was reported as proof of reincarnation in Bernsteins (1956) best-selling book, The Search for Bridey Murphy.
The case was thoroughly investigated several years later. It was discovered that, as a child, Mrs. Tighe had had a neighbor across the street who had grown up in Ireland and used to tell her stories about life there. The womans maiden name? You guessed it Bridey Murphy. Further, it was revealed that Mrs. Tighe had been involved in theater in high school and had learned several Irish monologues, which she had delivered in what her former teacher referred to as a heavy Irish brogue ...
Arnall Bloxham, Cardiff-based hypnotherapist Recorded past-life regression sessions Featured in BBC documentary and book by Jeffery Iverson (1977) Jane Evans, Welsh housewife, six previous incarnations, e.g.:
Maid in house of 15th century French nobleman, Jacques Couer Life in Roman Britain
Melvin Harris
Evans claimed Couer was single but the historical record showed he was married with children But in historical novel, The Moneyman, author Thomas B. Costain had taken the literary liberty of making him single Roman Briton incarnation based on novel The Living Wood, as fictional characters appear in Evans account
Crytomnesia
Fantasy prone personality is particularly likely to report detailed accounts of past lives Narratives based upon imagination, fantasy, expectation and knowledge (often Hollywood version) Rarely able to answer questions that someone living in that time would be able to answer (e.g., What is your currency? Who is your ruler? Is your country at war?)
Formerly Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD) Cf. past-life regression Apparently different personas who may or may not be aware of each other Usually only emerges in therapy following leading hypnotic interviews Often claimed to be the result of Satanic ritualised abuse (SRA)
The majority of therapists report never having come across such patients, a small minority report a large number of cases The percentage of DID cases reporting ritualised abuse rose from 25% in the mid1980s to as high as 80% in some centres by 1992 Such cases are still relatively rare in the UK compared to a much higher reported incidence in the US
Conclusion (1)
No convincing evidence that people really are being abducted by aliens. People are generally sincere in making such claims. The claims are probably due to false memories, often as a result of hypnotic regression or similar techniques.
Conclusion (2)
Shared cultural knowledge and individual anomalous experiences such as sleep paralysis appear to be important contributory factors. Fantasy-proneness and unusual activity in the temporal lobes may also be implicated, but further research is needed.
Conclusion (3)
Similar memory retrieval techniques are used to retrieve memories of childhood sexual abuse, ritualised satanic abuse, alien abduction episodes and past lives The accumulated evidence strongly suggests that all such apparent memories are false memories
Acknowledgement
With thanks to Hilary Evans, proprietor of the Mary Evans Picture Library, for permission to use illustrations featured in this presentation. These illustrations must not be reproduced in any form without permission from the Mary Evans Picture Library.