1-Consideraes

Bsicas
Sandro R.
Lautenschlager
Mecnica dos Fluidos
Aula 2
The pressure inside a drop of fluid can be calculated using a free-body diagram:
Real Fluid Drops
Mathematical Model
R is the radius of the droplet, o is the surface tension, Ap is the pressure
difference between the inside and outside pressure.
The force developed around the edge due to surface tension along the line:
o tR F
surface
2 =
This force is balanced by the pressure difference Ap:
2
R p F
pressure
t A =
Applied to Area
Applied to Circumference
Surface Tension: Liquid Drop
Tenso Superficial
o t t R R p 2
2
=
R
p
o 2
=
Na circunferncia
Tenso Superficial
( ) o t t R R p 2 2
2
=
R
p
o 4
=
Na bolha
Tenso Superficial
h
D
D
4
cos
2
t
| ot =
D
h

| o cos 4
=
Surface Tension: Capillary Action
Capillary action in small tubes which involve a liquid-
gas-solid interface is caused by surface tension. The
fluid is either drawn up the tube or pushed down.
h is the height, R is the radius of the tube, u is the
angle of contact.
The weight of the fluid is balanced with the vertical force caused by surface
tension.
Adhesion > Cohesion
Cohesion > Adhesion
Adhesion
Cohesion
Adhesion
Cohesion
Surface Tension: Capillary Action
R
h

u o cos 2
=
u o t cos 2 R F
surface
=
Free Body Diagram for Capillary Action for a
Wetted Surface:
For clean glass in contact with water, u ~ 0, and thus as R
decreases, h increases, giving a higher rise.

For a clean glass in contact with Mercury, u ~ 130, and
thus h is negative or there is a push down of the fluid.
h R W
2
t =
Equating the two and solving for h:
Surface tension is apparent in many
practical problems such as
movement of liquid through soil and
other porous media, flow of thin films,
formation of drops and bubbles, and
the breakup of liquid jets.
Exemplo
No seu primeiro dia na
Jacto Produtos
Agrcolas o Diretor de
Engenharia solicitou
que a vc o calculo da
presso nas gotculas
de raio 12m a
temperatura da gua a
20
0
C no novo modelo
Columbia?
Soluo
m 10 . 12 R
m / N 0736 , 0
6
=
= o
2
6
m / kN 26 , 12
10 12
0736 , 0 2
p =
-
-
=

R
p
o 2
=
Presso de Vapor
e
Liquido
Gasoso
Equilbrio
entre estado
Terminar a
vaporizao
Presso de Vapor
Quando o # de molculas
saindo tornar-se = ao # de
molculas entrando a
presso resultante das
molculas no estado gasoso
a PRESSO DE VAPOR
Presso de Vapor
Presso de vapor de um liquido
para outro
Presso de vapor (15
0
C, 101,3kPa)
H
2
O = 1,70kPa
Amnia = 33,8kPa

Presso de Vapor(p
u
)
p
u
dependente (Presso e )
Presso de vapor (100
0
C)
H
2
O = 101,3kPa
Ponto no qual a pu
igual presso atmosfrica
Ebulio
Os alunos de Eng. Civil da UEM foram esquiar
em ASPEN e ferveram gua e mediram a
temperatura de 82
0
C. Eles lembram-se das
aulas de Mec. Fluidos e perguntaram-se que
altitude estamos???
kPa 1 , 70 p
kPa 3 , 47 p
C 90
C 80
0
0
= u
= u
kPa 86 , 51
10
2
) 3 , 47 1 , 70 ( 3 , 47 p
C 82
0
= + = u
Presso de Vapor(Pu)
Tabela B.1 pg.633
Presso de Vapor(Pu)
kPa 21 , 47 atm m 6000 altitude
kPa 64 , 61 atm m 4000 altitude
= =
= =
Tabela B.3 pg.637
m 5355 altitude kPa 86 , 51 atm ~ =
Determine a eq. da reta
Cavitao
Formam-se bolhas no lquido quando
a presso local cai abaixo da presso
de vapor do lquido