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Aos Al-waidh
Photonics in Engineering Research Group
General Engineering Research Institute
Liverpool John Moores University
E-mail: A.M.Al-Waidh@2009.ljmu.ac.uk

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Outlines
Introduction to metamaterials
Classification of materials
Photonic Crystal
Realisation of Metamaterials
Unit Cell Size
Metamaterial Application
Cloaking
Conclusions



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Introduction To Metamaterials
Metamaterials are periodic or quasi-periodic, sub-wavelength
metal structures. The electro-magnetic material properties are
derived from its structure rather than inheriting them directly
from its material composition.

Based on definition of J.Pendry 2000
empty glass regular water, n = 1.3 negative water, n = -1.3
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Positive refraction index Negative refraction index
Introduction To Metamaterials
This term is particularly used when the resulting material
has properties that are not found in naturally formed
substances as indicated by the prefix meta.
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1
2
ENERGY
PHASE
VELOCITY
Air
Material
like glass
Metamaterial
Yes as a backward wave
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Propagating
Standard optical
materials
Evanescent
Metals
(UV Optical)
Evanescent
Natural magnetic
materials
(up to GHz)
Propagating
Metamaterials


(, +)
(+, +)
(, )
(+, )
OR
Negative
Phase
Positive
Phase
Backward
Waves
Forward
Waves
n c =
( )( )
n c =
1
1
n<1
Classification of materials

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Classification of materials

(DNG) < 0, < 0
Not found in nature
(MNG) > 0, < 0
Gyrotropic
(DPS) Dielectrics

(ENG) < 0, > 0
Plasma
ABSORPTION
ABSORPTION
POSITIVE
REFRACTION
NEGATIVE
REFRACTION!!
( )( ) n = c
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DPS ENG
MNG
Classification of materials

DNG
Cloak
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Realisation of Metamaterials
Negative
Thin metallic wires are arranged periodically
Effective permittivity takes negative values below plasma frequency
Negative
An array of split-ring resonators (SRRs) are arranged periodically
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E
y
H
x
I
SRR
I
ROD
y

x

z

Magnetic resonance
(Negative )
Electric resonance
(Negative )
Realisation of Metamaterials
Embedding a metal split-ring and a metal
rod creates left-handedness
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Another example of composite material with negative
refraction index is the photonic crystal:
Photonic crystals may behave as if they possess a
negative refractive effect without actually having a
negative refractive index. Additionally, c and are not
defined for photonic crystals as they are not
homogeneous systems at their operational wavelength.
Photonic Crystal
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/a
0 1
a <<< ~ a a >>

vs. a

Effective medium
description using
Maxwell equations
with and c
Example:
Metamaterials

Properties determined
by diffraction and
Interference
Example:
Photonics crystals


Properties described
using geometrical optic
and ray tracing
Example:
Lens system
Shadows

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Not this one
If then is a right set
of vectors:
0 , 0 > > c
( ) k H E


, ,
The right hand rule

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Not this one
If then is a left set
of vectors:
0 , 0 < < c
( ) k H E


, ,
The left hand rule !

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a


a
w
w
schematics of the elementary cell.

d
A simple calculation can be
carried out to verify the UV
laser capability to create the
required size.
Mostly the open ring resonator
can be considered as an LC
circuit where the capacitance
can described by the usual
textbook formula.

Unit Cell Size

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For a large capacitor with the
separation between the plates is
small compared to the dimensions
of the plates, to ensure a uniform
distribution of the field over plates
area:
C plate area/distance
And the inductance by the formula
for a coil with N windings:
L coil area/length (for N = 1)

a


a
w
w
schematics of the elementary cell.

d
Unit Cell Size

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For simplicity, we can consider the
width of the metal is equal to the
distance between the capacitor
plates (a)
C = c
o
c
c
ad/a where:
c
c
= the effective permittivity of
the material in between the plates
and
d= the metal thickness
L =
o
w
2
/d where:
W= width = length of the coil
a


a
w
w
schematics of the elementary cell.

d
Unit Cell Size

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LC-resonance frequency:

e
LC
= 1/ =

Where c =

And the LC-resonance wavelength

LC
=

Lc
c
c
w
c
1
0 0
1
c
c
LC
w
c
c t
e
t
2
2
=
a


a
w
w
schematics of the elementary cell.

d
Unit Cell Size

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For relevant parameters c
c
3.5
this yield
LC
10 w.
Thus, for microwave
wavelength of 10 mm, the
linear dimension of the coil
would need to be on the order
of w = 1 mm, implying
minimum feature sizes around
200.
a


a
w
w
schematics of the elementary cell.

d
Unit Cell Size

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Negative phase velocity, reversal of Doppler Effect and
Backward Cerenkov radiation are interesting novel physical
properties emerging from left-handed metamaterials
phenomena.
The Perfect Lens
Metamaterial Application
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Cloaking device
Is it real, how?
Can I borrow your cloak to get my PhD ?

Metamaterial Application
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Its not that simple
No tricks
No
Cloaking device
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Another approach
virtual invisibility

Retro-reflective Projection Technology,
Optical Camouflage
Cloaking device
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What we are locking for ?
Cloaking device
True invisibility

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The idea is to create a region
that is inaccessible
To be realised by
creating a new material
We need to manipulate space
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-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
y
x
y
x
Constant x:

Constant y:

Forbidden:
Purely
geometrical
distortion of
space:
No material
yet
Hole in space
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Transformation of a region

Preserve form of Maxwells equations
Predict form of permittivity and
permeability to use in the original frame
for cloaking
Realisation
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Fill the original empty space with this
material

Now we have a
cloaking device
The cloak
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LIGHT
SOURCE
OBJECT
METAMATERIAL
LIGHT
RAYS
A 3D Possibility
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Meta-materials have been shown to have remarkable
applications
LHM s and negative c materials can be used to overcome
diffraction limit and construct a super-lens
A super-lens enables ultra-deep sub-surface imaging
Very new field, lots of work to do (theory and experiments)

Conclusions
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