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Mechanical Properties
Defined as the group of properties
dealing with forces and their effects
on dental materials.
They describe the response of restorative
FORCE
It is the action applied on an object to
if the body remains at rest the forces will cause its deformation.
Units: Kg or N or lb
Stress
It is the internal reaction due to an external applied force equal in magnitude but opposite in direction and distributed over a given area of the body. Consequently, the stress in a structure is designated as the force per unit area.
Units: F A
Types of stress
1. Tensile stress:
Tension results in a body when it is subjected to two sets of forces directed away from each other in the same straight line. Tensile Stress Elongation
2. Compressive stress:
Compression results when the body is subjected to two sets of forces directed towards each other on the same straight line. Compressive stress Shortening
3. Shear stress:
Shear is the result of two sets of forces directed towards each other but
Tearing Or Sliding
Complex stress:
The forces applied to a dental restoration are resolved as a combination of compressive, tensile, and shear stresses (complex stresses) rather than pure single stress.
Strain
It is the change in length per unit length. Units: Lf Lo mm/mm or unit less
Lo
Types of strain:
Elastic strain:
It disappears on removal of the external force.
The material will return to its original shape.
Plastic strain:
It will not disappear on removal of the external force. The material will not return to its original shape.
** Strain is linearly
proportional
to applied stress ** Removal of stress original size and shape is recovered
2- Elastic limit:
describes the elastic behavior of the material.
3- Yield strength:
Stress at which the material begins to function in a plastic manner. A permanent strain 0.1% or 0.2% of the
total permanent strain occurs in the material
***Functional Failure:
A restoration exhibiting a permanent deformation will be no more fitting the purpose inspite of the fact that it didnt break.
4- Ultimate strength:
Yield stress is more important than the ultimate stress, because yield stress represents the clinical failure (functional failure).
5- Fracture strength:
stress at which the material will fracture
stiffer or more rigid than those of low Young's modulus values because they require much more stresses to produce the same amount of strain.
Clinical Significance:
** Denture base constructed of a rigid material for two reasons:
To allow load distribution on the whole design. To be used in thinner sections without the risk of bending. This gives comfort the patient.
It is the strain resulting in the material when the stress reaches the elastic limit.
1) Impression materials, must have the ability to spring back without suffering any permanent change in shape during removal. 2) Clasps are flexed during mastication
Maximum Flexibility:
m = P
E Maxi. flexibility: it is the amount of elastic strain till the elastic limit.
Ductility
the ability to be plastically deformed under tension (drawn into wire)
Percentage Elongation:
It is the measure of ductility Importance in dentistry:
Clasps can be adjusted, orthodontics appliances can be prepared, crowns or inlays can be burnished if they are prepared from alloys of high values of percentage l l elongation final original
%Elongation
100
original
Brittleness:
No or very little plastic deformation on application of load
Resilience:
The amount of energy required to deform the material to its proportional limit. It represents the resistance of the material to permanent deformation
measured by the area under the straight portion of the stress strain curve (triangle)
Toughness:
Energy required to stress the material to point of fracture. It is represented by the area under the elastic and plastic portion of the stress-strain curve. Toughness of a material is the ability to absorb energy up to the point of fracture
stress flexible ductile strong resilient strain flexible brittle strong resilient
stress flexible brittle weak stiff ductile strong tough stiff brittle strong
3PL 2bd2
P
3
4Ebd
b
d P
Clinical Significance:
The transverse strength test and the accompanying deformation are very important in comparing:
Tensile stress
2P DT
2) Impact strength and Impact Test: Is the amount of energy absorbed by the
material when subjected to
Measured by clamping a specimen of known dimensions firmly in position and breaking it with a swinging pendulum.
sudden force
Specimens break in different places, so they are notched in order to ensure consistent results. The material fractures at the notch, since this is its weakest part. The values are usually reported in joules.
Clinical Significance:
A sudden blow might correspond to the energy of impact resulting from **an accident to a person wearing a restoration or ** from dropping the denture on a floor
Some of the most common methods of testing the hardness of restorative materials are the Brinell, Knoop,
Vickers, Rockwell, and shore A
Area of indentation
Hardness No
Area of indentation
Hardness No
H=
F A
Clinical Significance:
A hard material is considered both advantage and disadvantage
e.g.
** Natural teeth should not be opposed by harder materials like porcelain. ** Restorations made of hard material like cobalt chromium are: a) Very difficult to finish and polish. b) Once they are polished they maintain polished surface with no scratches.
2) Wear
The loss of material resulting from mechanical action.
Wear of tooth structure and restorative materials
Bruxism.
Rheological Properties
Rheology: It is the study of the flow of matter
Viscoelasticity
Creep
Starin-time Relationships
I) Ideal elastic material
If a material behaves as an ideal elastic solid; When stress is applied below the proportional limit * Immediate amount of strain will result * The strain remains constant with time. Strain
When the load is removed (at the time t1) t0 t1 Time the strain Immediately decreases to zero. Therefore, the strain is independent of the rate of loading or time in which the load was applied.
Strain
t0
t1
Time
Strain
t0
t1
Time
It is a combination of elastic, anelastic and viscous behavior. Which is time dependent. The elastic and anelastic portions are recovered but the purely viscous components are not. -Upon load application i) Immediate strain will occur due to elastic portion ii) gradual increase due to both viscous and anelastic parts. -Upon release of stress i) the elastic strain is immediately recovered and ii) the anelastic strain is gradually recovered. However, iii) viscous strain is not recovered, results in permanent deformation strain
Viscoelastic behaviour:
t0
t1
time
Clinical Significance:
i) Elastic impression materials
Snap removal from the mouth i.e. less time = high rate of loading in order to; **Minimize the permanent deformation as a result of viscous deformation during removal. **Increase tear strength i.e. less chance to tear.
Creep
It is a time dependent deformation of a material
- At stresses below their yield strengths. - And at temperatures near the softening point of a material. **Metals and ceramics softening temperature is far above room or mouth temperatures, they do not creep in dental application. **Polymers such as waxes and rubbers have softening point near room or mouth temperatures and can creep considerably.
** Flow is creep for amorphous materials, such as waxes. ** Sag is the creep at higher temperatures as in most of metals
Clinical Significance:
All metals tend to creep (slowly deform) when stressed near its melting temperature. In dental amalgam restorations, they contain components with melting temperature slightly above room temperature. Thus they undergo creep, which should be kept minimum.
Stress
Stress
Strain
Strain
Strong = P.L.
Weak = P.L.
Stress
Stress
Strain
Strain
Stiff = E
Flexible = E
Stress
Stress
Strain
Strain
Stress
Stress
Strain
Strain
Stress
Stress
Strain
Strain