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The goal: to overlook theoretical approaches towards the phenomena of public sphere and analyze its transformation using data of Baltic countries during the national awakening period (1987 1990).
The public sphere we can define following Habermas, Garnhem and Jakubowitcz
It is as the network of media, educational, knowledge and opinion-forming institutions within civil society whose operation is conducive to the emergence of public opinion as a political power (Jakubowitcz, 1997, p. 155)
Curran distinguishes three approaches to the public sphere: According to classical liberal theory, the public sphere is the space between government and society in which private individuals exercise formal and informal control over the state (the media concidered to be the fourth estate of realm , watchdog).
Radical democratic theory conceives the media as a battleground between contending forces.
Traditional Marxist/communist perspective maintains the opinion that the media should be viewed as ideological apparatus of the state, working for propaganda.
Nicholas Garnham considering Habermass theory counts at least three virtues of Habermass approach towards public sphere.
Firstly, Habermass original approach focuses upon the link between the institutions and practices of mass public communication and the institutions and practices of democratic politics.
Habermass approach focuses on the necessary material resource base for any public sphere. Third, Habermas distinguishes the public sphere from both state and market.
Habermass concept of public sphere offers a basis for the critical analysis of current developments of both media and democratic politics.
Garnham claims that usual structures of public communication are changing. This change is characterized by: (1) a reinforcement of the market and the progressive destruction of public service as the preferred mode for the allocation of cultural resources; (2) by a focus on a TV set as the locus for a privatized, domestic mode of consumption; (3) by the creation of market divided between the information-rich and information-poor; (4) by a shift from largely national to largely international markets in the informational and cultural spheres.
mediated nature. Mediated character of communication, according to Garnham, brings such issues:
Not everyone has got equal access to both channel and means of communication. Cannel and means of communication are possible to control. Second, what also became mediated is the content of communication and the subject of debate, or to use Habermass terminology, the experience of the lifeworld. The establishment of representative forms in political scope rendered the rationalization and alienation elements. This alienation of indirect democracy reveal its best features when it is necessary to deal with multiple variables.
Duty to listen to the views of others and to alternative versions of events. Participation in debate, closely linked to responsibility for the effects that go as the result of the actions.
Garnham claims that the possibility of arriving at a rationally grounded consensus can only be demonstrated in practice by entering into a concrete and historically specific process of rational debate with other human beings (...) the task is to cooperate in building the political, economic and communication institutions. (Garnham, 1996, p. 375)
Lietuvos rytas
National daily National daily Regional daily National tabloid Business daily
National shareholders National shareholders Orkla Media (Norway) Private person Bonnier Media Group (Sweden)
Respublika
122
48
42
113
57
42
25
14
406
433
486
528
411
199
183
186
162
173
178
175
189
182
338
380
446
549
709
518
613
590
419
361
343
325
290
231
Nowadays is undergoing discussion about the public journalism idea, which concerns problems of democracy, equality, participation. Public journalism is defined as more practical efforts of journalists to encourage people to participate in public affairs.
1995
146 286
1996
119 252
Lithuania
Number of magazines and other periodicals (titles) Estonia Latvia Lithuania
324
477
443
439
415
377
361
Central Europe
Civil society
Independent media
Democratization
Czech Republic
Hungary Poland Slovakia Slovenia Balkans Albania Bosnia Bulgaria Croatia Macedonia Romania Yugoslavia Baltics Estonia Latvia Lithuania
1.75
1,25 1,25 2,25 1,75 4 4,75 2 3,25 3,75 3 4,75 1,75 1,75 1,75
1.50
1,25 1,25 2 1,75 4 4,5 3,5 2,75 3,75 3 4 2,25 2 1,75
2.00
2,25 1,5 2 1,75 4,25 4,5 3,25 3,5 3,75 3,5 4,5 1,75 1,75 1,75
2.00
3 1,75 2,75 2,5 4,25 6 3,5 3,5 3,75 3,75 5,25 2,25 2,25 2,5
1.81
1,94 1,44 2,25 1,94 4,13 4,94 3,06 3,25 3,75 3,31 4,63 2 1,94 1,94
CIS
Average of Political process 5,5 5,75 6,75 4,5 6,25 5,75 3,25 4,25 5,25 7 4 6,75
Civil society
Independent media 4,75 5,75 6,75 3,5 6 5 4,25 5,25 5 7 5,25 6,75
Governance and public administration 4,5 6,25 6,25 4,75 5 5,25 4,5 5 6 6,75 4,75 6
Democratization
Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan
4,56 5,56 6,56 4,19 5,56 5,13 3,94 4,63 5,44 6,94 4,44 6,5
Conclusions
Public sphere can be seen as the network of media, educational, knowledge and opinion-forming institutions participating in political sphere. Here we can stress the mediated character of nowadays public sphere. Theorists of public sphere claim that the Western structure of public sphere is changing as the political map during last 20 years has changed a lot. The public sphere can consist of multiple small spheres. It is not homogeneous. So only in this way it can be called democratic. Media in the period of 1987-1990 in Baltic countries became a place for public debate over the emergence of a new public sphere in society. During the period of National Awakening in Baltics there was an explosion of press circulation, that shows the active participation in the public domain. Nowadays we observe the increasing diversity of newspaper titles but not the circulation. This is important going towards democracy because we can find more different opinions reflected in mediated public sphere. But the participation of people in the public sphere and politics is not of so high level. We face problems of access, marginalization. According to the democracy rating (consisted) among Central Europe countries Baltic countries are quite advanced: share third (Lithuania, Latvia) and fourth places (Estonia).