Infrastructure for W R Development-an overview

Based on a presentation by Sushil Kumar Director National Water Academy

Infrastructure for Water Resource Projects

Broadly of three categories:

Storage / Diversion

Irrigation Hydro Power

Storage/Diversion Structures

Dam Weir Barrage

Storage - Dams
A dam is a barrier built across a

stream or river. It creates a reservoir behind it and controls the flow of water.
A

dam can be classified based on-

its use or function material of its construction its size

DAMS HYDRAULIC DESIGN OVERFLOW NON OVERFLOW MATERIALS USED CONCRETE

USE

HEIGHT

STORAGE

LARGE

DIVERSION

MASONRY

MEDIUM

DETENTION

EARTHFILL

SMALL

ROCKFILL

Reservoir Spillways

Power House
River Long Distance Power Lines

Sluice gates
Intake

Turbine

River

Classification of Dams based on Use

Storage Dam
most common for impounding water (creating a reservoir or lake) behind it

during excess supply, to be used in periods of deficient supply purpose(s): Irrigation, Hydropower, Water Supply, Recreation

Diversion Dam
raises water level for diversion into other conveyance system

for irrigation, municipal or industrial uses of smaller height no reservoir (or very limited storage) behind it full waterway available across dam e.g. Weir, Barrage

Classification of Dams based on height

Large
Ht of dam > 15 m from its deepest foundation

Medium
Ht of dam=10-15 m from its deepest foundation

Small
Ht of dam >10 m from its deepest foundation

Dam Population in India

GROWTH OF LARGE DAMS IN INDIA DECADE- WISE
6000 5000

5100

CUMULATIVE NO. OF LARGE DAMS

4223
4000

3618
3000

2375
2000

1000

1095 604 365

64

TIME IN DECADES

India ranks third in the world in dam population, after China and USA
Indian Register of Large Dams available here: http://cwc.gov.in

Beyond2001

1901-50

1951-60

1961-70

1971-80

1981-90

UP TO 1900

1991-2000

Large Dams state wise

Total=5100
State-Wise Distribution of Large Dams(existing & ongoing) in India
Andhra Pradesh, 334

Other States, 676 Chhattisgarh, 259

Rajasthan, 203

Gujarat, 665

Karnataka, 236

Maharashtra, 1821

Madhya Pradesh, 906

Large Dams height wise

HEIGHT WISE DISTRIBUTION OF LARGE DAMS 1% 2% 9% 37%

51%

10-15

15-30

30-60

60-100

100 and above

Classification of Dams based on material

Concrete / RCC dams Masonry dams Earth fill dams Rockfill dams (Earth core rockfill

dam)

Concrete Dams
Concrete dam
Material of construction : Plain Concrete Its own weight provides resistance to the forces exerted on it Needs sound rock foundation Straight or curved in plan Straight = Gravity Dam (most common) Curved = Arch Dam

Roller compacted concrete (RCC) dam

New technique, first used in 1986 in USA Faster construction, rapid placement of concrete in layers Construction operation very similar to road construction Concrete mix uses large quantity of fly ash, environmental friendly First RCC Dam in India in Maharashtra, at Ghatghar

Concrete Dam-a typical section

Crest
Full Reservoir Level Spillway (inside dam)

Free board

Down stream Upstream

River Flow

Under sluice

Gallery
Foundation Level Heel Toe

Masonry dam
a gravity dam, constructed of stone masonry (stone and cement) now a days constructed for small heights only in past, number of large and important dams were constructed in masonry, e.g. Srisailam, Krishnarajsagar, Tungabhadra, Malaprabha, Peechi, Barna, Ranapratapsagar, Khadakwasla

Earthen Dam
Generally built of locally available natural materials with minimum processing. Most common and the first kind of dam to be built have gentle side slopes and hence a wide base.
AXIS OF DAM F.R.L. TURFING

PITCHING
M.D.D.L. SEMI PERVIOUS SEMI PERVIOUS ROCK TOE

CUT OFF TRENCH

GROUT CURTAIN

Typical section of an earth-core rockfill dam using a central core

Impervious membrane Concrete, asphaltic concrete, steel, impervious soil

Spillway

Overflow portion of a dam over which surplus discharge flows in a controlled fashion, from the reservoir to downstream Invariably provided for all storage dams, a very important component It is the safety valve for a dam Capacity of spillway is of paramount importance Must have the capacity to discharge major floods anticipated or expected Referred to as controlled or uncontrolled, depending upon whether gated or un gated

SIDE CHANNEL & CHUTE SPILLWAY ARRANGEMENT

Channel Rest Channel Rough

Chute

Chute Blocks Stilling Basin Dentated Sills

Weir
Weir is a solid obstruction put across the river to raise its water level and divert the water into the canal
If a weir also stores water for tiding over small periods of short supplies, it is called a storage weir.

The main difference between a storage weir and a dam is only in height and the duration for which the supply is stored.
A dam stores the supply for a comparatively longer duration.

Weir
POND LEVEL

MASONRY
FLOW

POND LEVEL FLOW

WITHOUT FALLING SHUTTERS

Barrage
Function of a Barrage is similar to a Weir. There is no solid obstruction across river (dams and weirs have a solid obstruction across the river). Raising of water level for diversion in to a canal is done by gates alone, which are set between flanking piers and are responsible for supporting the water load. Crest level in barrage is kept low Barrages are much more costlier than the weirs Can be used to regulate water flow in a lagoon or estuary

Infrastructure for Irrigation

Canal Canal Regulation Work Cross Drainage Work Lining of Irrigation Canal

Canal
an artificial channel generally trapezoidal in shape alignment in such a way that it

covers the entire area proposed to be irrigated with shortest possible length and at a minimum cost

Types of canals

Ridge Canal

Contour Canal

Canal Regulation Works

These are structures constructed to regulate the flow rate and

volume of water necessary for the efficient working and safety of an irrigation channel
Important Regulators:
Head regulator or head sluice
Cross regulator Canal outlet

Cross Drainage Works

Canals comes across obstructions like rivers, natural drains and

other canals. The various types of structures that are built to carry a canals water across the above mentioned obstructions or vice versa are called cross drainage works.
cross-drainage works are generally very expensive, and should

be avoided as far as possible.

Lining of Irrigation Canals

To minimize the seepage losses in canals

To increase the discharge in canal

section by increasing the velocity

To prevent erosion of bed and side due

to high velocities
to reduce maintenance of canal

Lining material : concrete, stone tiles,

HDPE geomembrane

Infrastructure for Hydro Power

Main components of a Hydro Power Scheme:
Intake Structure Headrace Penstocks Surge Shaft Power House Turbines Tailrace

A typical Hydro power Scheme

POWER HOUSE COMPLEX

ELECTRICITY TO THE GRID

An schematic description of Hydropower Plant