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Overview
Electroimpulsive deicing system
Introduction
Ice protection
Hazards of icing
Summary
SPEED
Rime ice
Forms between -15C to-20C
Rough milky white appearance and a comb-like appearance
Frost ice
It is the result of water freezing on unprotected surfaces, often forming
Ice protection
Ice formation on aircrafts can lead to catastrophic
failures Ice protection is necessary to maintain smooth flight Ice protection can be done by
Anti-icing Preventing ice formation/growth Deicing Removal of ice
Effect of Icing:
Structural icing can block the pitot tube and static ports and
Aerodynamic effects. Ice can alter the shape of an aerofoil. This can cause
control problems, change the angle of attack at which the aircraft stalls, Weight penalty (control and altitude problem)
Pneumatic Boots
Components
Span wise / Chord wise pneumatic tubes
Regulated pressure source, Vacuum source and air
Advantages
Repair, Inspection, Maintenance are well understood Simplest and cost effective method
Disadvantages
Boot material deteriorates with time If accretion of ice is too thin, bridging may be formed
Deicer Embodiments
Skin-Bonded
Configuration of Deicer
Recess-Bonded
Advantages
Low power requirement Aerodynamically nonintrusive and No runback and refreezing Thin ice removing capability (0.08-0.2 inch)
Disadvantages
Mechanical system-residual ice remains after the cycle Noise Fatigue of deicer
permit the discharge to be very rapid, typically less than one-half millisecond in duration
coil pair) will deice depends largely on the structural properties of the leading edge
The capacitor is then switched to another coil station, and
the time for acceptable ice accretion for the protected surfaces
design
The current pulse width in the coil resulting from the capacitor
discharge must be properly matched to the skin electrical properties and to the leading-edge structural dynamic response
Failure to do this properly severely reduces the coils ice expelling
performance
Installation of the power supply and control system in the
aircraft should be done in a manner that minimizes the distance through which the high-energy electrical pulse must travel
Applications of EIDI
It is used in the following parts,
Aerofoil and leading edges Engine inlets Propellers and nose cones Helicopter rotors and hubs Radomes and Antennas Miscellaneous intakes and vents
Comparison
Through this method deicing of wind shield and engine
Advantages
Weight comparable to other deicing systems. Nonintrusive in the airstream, hence no aerodynamic
penalty.
Ice of all types is expelled, with only light residual ice
less than 1 percent of that required for hot air or electro thermal anti-ice systems.
Limitations
It has limited use.
It is not an anti-icing system, so some ice will be present
protection system. Uses eddy currents to produce momentary displacement of surface. The mechanism of ice removal is similar to earlier mentioned electro impulsive systems. This deicing system is differs in the design that causes the outer surface to accelerate.
ECDS - Components
The power supply housing all the capacitor charging and distribution
Deicer Blanket
ECDS A Summary
Advantages Limitations
Introduction
The system was developed in collaboration with NASA
Lewis and ARPAs SBIR program. The Sonic Pulse Electro-Expulsive Deicer (SPEED) is an acceleration based deicer for aircraft ice protection. SPEED evolved from the Electro-Impulsive deicing (EIDI) concept with a major improvement in the actuator coil and electronics.
An example: ATR-72 accident, Rose lawn, Indiana, Oct.31,1994, all passengers (72) killed . Embraer 120, Monroe, Michigan, Jan.9, 1997, 29 passengers & crew members killed.
2.
Capacitors
b. c.
Mechanism
Mounted on the substructure of the leading edge.
It apply impulsive loads directly to the aircraft skin or outer surface material. The rapid acceleration debonds and sheds ice into the airstream in a very efficient manner (ice layers can be shed as thin as 12 mm).
Typical sketch of the Sonic Pulse Electro Expulsive Deicing System by Innovative Dynamics.
Icing Onset Sensor (IOS) can be added to the basic system to provide an autonomous mode of operation
Actuator
Process
Feedback if another cycle required or not Smart box controller identifies the electrical leaks and short circuit
1. Surface life
Life of aircraft
No increase Equivalent
4. Weight
5. Electric power from 12m span
Equivalent
0.7kw
Baseline
Zero
Merits
Electrically operated
Very low power consumption Erosion resistant
Principle
The ultrasonic de-icing system creates transverse shear stresses at
the ice/aerofoil interface that exceed the ice adhesion strength of ice, promoting delamination of ice.
It is done by launching ultrasonic shear-horizontal waves at the ice-
substrate interface.
The goal is to induce sufficiently large shear strains at the ice-substrate
excitation, a suitable actuator, able to provide transverse shear stresses exceeding the adhesion strength of ice to steel, has to be selected.
Deicing Mechanism
dynamic shear stress generated by the actuator at the interface increases the stress concentration
The mechanical, dielectric and piezoelectric losses in the actuator combined with the mechanical losses in the ice layer are converted into heat energy
Design Requirements
Power consumption of less than 2 kW with minimal current
consumption.
Produce a shear stress of 1.42MPa at the ice Aluminium
interface
Withstand centrifugal forces due to blade rotation Withstand ambient temperatures from -50C to 100C Not disturb the blade aerodynamics
applied electric field. Thus piezoelectric materials can be used as electro-mechanical actuators and sensors.
The goal of the actuator is to launch guided shear horizontal waves through the rotor blade erosion shield (substrate) so as to overcome the adhesive strength of the ice-substrate bond.
stresses
modes of vibration (thickness extension, length extension and thickness shear) heating systems as well as other electro-mechanical actuation technologies
plastically deformed at some relatively low temperature (Martensite phase) Upon exposure to some higher temperature (Austenite phase), will return to their original shape. Advantage:
Low size & weight Less energy consumption
Types:
One Way SMA (Cannot return
Actuation methods:
Self actuation using latent heat of
NiTi is used:
One Way SMA in Leading Edge
highly durable 4% elastic deformation Memory strain 8% Permanent deformation > 5% after million cycle
Debonding Action
Forward Transformation SMA heated by electric heater
Summary
Ice protection and types of ice encountered in an aircraft
Ice protection system namely:
Pneumatic deicing
Electro-impulsive deicing
Eddy current deicing Sonic pulsed electro expulsive deicing Ultrasonic deicing
Questions