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UNIT 1
WELCOME TO II SEMESTER
COURSES IN II SEMESTER
(1) Financial Management (FM) (2) Marketing Management (MM) (3) Human Resources Management (HRM) (4) Production and Operations Management (POM) (5) Organizational Behaviour (OB) (6) Introduction to Technology Management (ITM) (7) Research Methodology (RM) (8) Information Technology Lab II (IT Lab-II)
INTRODUCTION
Research is Search for knowledge. A scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic. An art of scientific investigation. Is a movement, a movement from the known to the unknown. Voyage of discovery.
DEFINIITIONS OF RESEARCH
(1) The Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English : Research is a careful investigation or inquiry specially through search for the new facts in any branch of knowledge. (2) Redman and Mory: Systematized effort to gain new knowledge
DEFINITIONS OF RESEARCH
(3) Fred Kerlinger: Scientific Research is a systematic, controlled empirical and critical investigation of propositions about the presumed relationships about various phenomena. (4) Robert Ross: Research is essentially an investigation, a recording and analysis of evidence for the purpose of gaining knowledge.
PROCESS OF RESEARCH
According to Clifford Woody: Research comprises: (i) Defining and redefining problems; (ii) Formulating hypothesis or suggesting solutions; (iii) Collecting, organizing and evaluating data; (iv) Making deductions and reaching conclusions; and (v) Carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulated hypothesis.
Production Cost Analysis Time and Motion Studies Machine Depreciation and Obsolescence Production Stabilization
Aptitude and Attitude Tests Fatigue Studies Wage Employment
Sources and prices of materials Purchasing Methods and procedures Inventory control and Storage
Financial methods and operations Budget Planning Investment of Reserves Dividend Policies Credit Sources and costs
NATURE OF RESEARCH
(1) Research is a systematic and critical investigation into a phenomenon. (2) It is not a mere compilation, but a purposive investigation; it aims at describing, interpreting and explaining a phenomenon. (3) It adopts a scientific method. (4) It is objective and logical, applying possible tests to validate the measuring tools and the conclusions reached. (5) It is based on empirical or observable evidence.
NATURE OF RESEARCH
(6) Research is directed towards finding answers to pertinent questions and solutions to problems. (7) It emphasizes the development of generalization, principles or theories. (8) The purpose of research is not to arrive at an answer, which is personally pleasing to the researcher, but rather one, which will stand up to the test of criticism. (9) It is trans-disciplinary in nature.
OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
(1) Research extends knowledge. (2) Research unravels the mysteries of nature. (3) Research establishes generalizations and general laws. (4) Research verifies and tests. (5) Research analyzes inter-relationships
MOTIVATION IN RESEARCH
Possible motives for doing research may be either one or more of the following: (1) Desire to get a research degree along with its consequential benefits. (2) Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems. (3) Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work. (4) Desire to be of service to society. (5) Desire to get respectability.
RESEARCH PROCESS
Research process is the systematic approach for conducting the research in an effective way. The Research Process consists of a series of steps or actions necessary to be conducted. Various steps in the Research Process can be represented as
Research Process
Step I:Formulation of Research Problem. Step II: Extensive Literature Survey. Step III: Developing Hypothesis. Step IV: Preparation of Research Design. Step V:Determining Sample Design. Step VI: Collection of Data. Step VII: Classification and Tabulation of Data. Step VIII: Analysis of Data. Step IX: Testing of Hypothesis. Step X: Generation of Interpretations. Step XI: Presentation & Preparation of Reports.
Sources of Literature
Various sources of research literature are
Books Journals Conference Proceedings Reports Research Thesis Research Discussions News Paper Audio and Video Tapes
Developing Hypothesis
Next to literature survey, the researcher has to state the working hypothesis about the research Hypothesis is the tentative assumptions made in order to draw the solution and to test the logical process. Techniques of Developing Hypothesis Stating the possible solutions. Discussion with the experts Examine the available data and records Review the similar studies Through the Personal investigation.
Collection of Data
After the sampling, the researcher is directed towards the data collection. Data means the information about the study. The data related to the study need to be collected from the respondents. Data is of two types
Secondary data:
the date collected from the primary data is called secondary data.
Classification and tabulation techniques Editing Coding Classification Measurement scaling Transcription Computerization Tabulation Graphical representation etc..
Analysis of Data
Next to data classification, the researcher has to apply various statistical analysis tools for analyzing the data. Various statistical tools can be classified as
Uni-Variate statistical tools Bi-Variate statistical tolls Multi-Variate statistical tolls.
Testing of Hypothesis
To test the working hypothesis and also to analyze the large population, the researcher has to use the hypothesis testing consisting of the following models
Theory of Estimation Z- Test t- test F- Test Chi-square Test ANOVA Test Design of Experiments etc..
Generation of Interpretations
After the data analysis, the researcher has to give the conclusions about the study based on them. Also he has to compare the interpretations with the working hypothesis whether the conclusions reaches the working hypothesis or not. Techniques for generating conclusions
State in relation with the research problem Discuss with the experts Avoid the false generations Relate with the underlying process
Preliminary Pages
Project title Acknowledgements Declaration Certificates Index List of symbols, variables and tables etc..
Main Text
Chapters Sub-chapters Introduction to Research problem Data collection Classification of Data Analysis of data Summary and findings
End Pages
Appendix Bibliography Formats of questionnaires and schedules Subject Index
Research problem
Previous findings
Formulate hypothesis
Social Research
Sciences can be classified into physical sciences and social sciences. Social sciences deals with human life, human behavior, social groups and the social institutions. Social Sciences consists of Anthropology, Behavioral Sciences, Commerce, Demography, Economics, Management, Education, History, Public Administration, Social work etc.. The study of any of these fields is known as Social Research
A systematic method of exploring, analyzing and conceptualizing the human life in order to extend, correct and verify the knowledge of human behaviour and the social life Seek to find explanations to unexplained social phenomenon to clarify the doubtful and correct the misconceived facts of social life
Research
Ex:
Einstein's theory of Relativity. Newtons theory of Gravity. Galileo's contributions to the society .
Applied Research
The Applied Research can be carried out with intention of finding the solution to a real world problem. Applied research is undertaken with the aim of covering the data to solve an existing problem. Applied Research requires an Action or Policy Decision Making.
Ex:
A market research for developing a new product. A study of sales promotion programs. A study on labour wage rates.
Exploratory Research
A preliminary study of an unfamiliar problem about which the researcher has a little or no knowledge is called Exploratory Research. ERs purpose is to gain familiarity with a phenomenon or acquire new insights into a problem. Ex: a doctor investigation towards a patient suffering from an unfamiliar disease.
Descriptive Research
A survey or fact finding investigation with adequate interpretations is called descriptive research design. DR determines who, what, when, where and how of the topic. It is concerned with describing the characteristics of the problem Ex: any study on a social problem
Quantitative Research
A research based on the measurement of quantity or amount is called quantitative research. Ex
A research on portfolio analysis A research on financial parameters of an organization A research on ratio analysis.
Merits
Offers solutions to the problems Develop many alternatives and provides decision-making Contributes in finding new facts Determine the feasibility of the process
Qualitative Research
A research is concerned with the qualitative phenomenon of the data is called Qualitative Research. Ex
A research on customer satisfaction about a product. A research on organizational Behaviour A research on employee job satisfaction
Merits
Helps to know about the human behaviour towards a particular situation. Useful for studying the behavioural sciences.
Experimental Research
The aim of the experimental research is to investigate the possible cause-and-effect relationship By one independent variable to influence the other variable(s) In the experimental designs, the Researcher has to find the relation between the relationship between dependent and independent variables in the experiment. Ex:
Industrial Experiments. Agricultural Experiments.
Ex:
Completely Randomized Design(CRD) Randomized Block Design(RBD) Latin Square Design(LSD) Factorial Designs etc..