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WHY ??

DECENTRALISED METHODS OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL

THE DECENTRALIZED APPROACH TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT IS SEEN AS BENEFICIAL FOR A NUMBER OF REASONS WHEN COMPARED TO THE CONVENTIONAL SEWAGE SYSTEM SAVES MONEY BY DECIDING ON A STRATEGY TO MANAGE WASTEWATER BEFORE A CRISIS OCCURS, THEREBY AVOIDING UNNECESSARY COST; ALLOWS HOMEOWNERS TO CONTINUE TO USE THEIR PROPERLY FUNCTIONING SEPTIC SYSTEMS; BETTER WATERSHED MAINTENANCE BY ELIMINATING THE LARGE TRANSFERS OF WATER FROM ONE WATERSHED TO ANOTHER THAT HAPPENS WITH CENTRALIZED TREATMENT; MOST COST-EFFECTIVE TREATMENT STRATEGY FOR RURAL COMMUNITIESWITH SPARSE POPULATIONS IS APPROPRIATE FOR VARYING SITE CONDITIONS INCLUDING ECOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE AREASTREATMENT METHODS CAN BE TAILORED TO SUIT DIFFERENT SITE CONDITIONS.

DECENTRALISED TECHNIQUES ARE


DECENTRALIZED EVEN TO SINGLE HOUSEHOLD LEVELS

OPERABLE WITH SEMI SKILLED/ UNSKILLED LABOUR NO MECHANICAL PARTS

REQUIRES LITTLE SPACE


NO SMELL LESS EXPENSIVE THAN COMPARABLE CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT SYSTEMS AND VERY LOW MAINTENANCE COSTS WATER CAN BE TREATED TO DISCHARGE STANDARDS AND RECYCLED FOR IRRIGATION.

EXAMPLES OF DECENTRALISED SEWAGE TREATMENT


DEWATS

CESSPOOLS / DRY POOLS


SEPTIC TANKS IMHOFF TANK SAND FILTERS ROOTZONE METHOD AT-GRADE AND MOUND SYSTEM CLUSTER SYSTEM

CESSPOOLS/DRY POOL
tank, or covered cistern which can be used for or refuse. a deep cylindrical chamber dug into the earth, having approximate dimensions of 1 meter diameter and 23 meters depth. similar to that of a hand-dug water well. WORKING
Waste flows from the home into the cesspool. Organic solids float to the top and inorganic solids sink to the bottom of the tank. Natural occurring bacteria in the cesspool converts the organic solids to liquid.The clear liquid flows out the sides of the tank and into the surrounding soil.

CESSPOOLS/DRY POOLS

THE MAJOR PROBLEM WITH CESSPOOLS


Over time, grease, oils, soap scum, small solid particles (gunk) build up on the walls of the cesspools. These layers of scum buildup prevent the water from filtering through the walls of the cesspool at the normal rate. As a result, the cesspool starts to fill up with water. When the cesspool fills up with water, it must be pumped out to avoid backups into the household. In extreme cases the walls of cesspools do not allow water to pass through at all.

The cesspool is essentially a holding tank, requiring pumping every two to three months, because the cesspool is not draining, and needs to be emptied of water frequently.

LIMITATIONS
..A cesspool should be located downhill from a well; in any case, a distance of 50 ft. will prevent bacterial pollution of the well. ..To prevent chemical pollution, too, the distance between a well and a cesspool placed directly uphill from it should be not less than 150 ft. ..Cesspools of the leaching type should be located at least 20 ft. away from dwelling foundations. ..Their construction is not permitted by health authorities in densely inhabited communities where wells are used as sources of drinking-water supply

DECENTRALISED WASTE WATER SYSTEM

DEWATS is based on four treatment systems: Sedimentation and primary treatment in settlers, septic tanks or Imhoff tanks. Secondary Anaerobic Treatment in fixed bed filters or Baffled Reactors. Secondary and tertiary aerobic/anaerobic treatment in Planted Gravel Filters. Secondary and tertiary anaerobic /aerobic treatment in

Biogas plant
Half-ball-shaped fixed dome plant Suitable for rather thick and homogenous substrate like sludge from aerobic treatment tanks, liquid animal excreta and excrements

Septic Tank
Basically principled on sedimentation tank in which settled sludge is stabilized by anaerobic digestion Mechanical treatment by sedimentation Biological treatment by contact between fresh water and active sludge compete with each other in the septic tank

Baffled Reactor
Treatment by forcing incoming waste water to pass through active bacteria sludge in each compartment. The settler in front prevents larger solids to enter the baffle section

Treatment of non- settleable and dissolved solids by bringing them in close contact with a surplus of active bacterial mass

Anaerobic Filter

Horizontal Filter

Provides continuous oxygen supply to the upper layers Treatment by permanently soaked sand or gravel filter with water and operates partly aerobic, partly anoxic, and partly anaerobic

Vertical Planted Filters

Apartments can opt for DEWATS


Minimum space requirement does not eat up precious ground space Can be accommodated underground below paved pathways / parking lots or even under service buildings etc. No need for skilled maintenance. Minimum operation costs. Civic responsibility to prevent soil and ground water contamination. Housing Colonies / Townships Can be decentralized thereby reducing plumbing and pumping costs. Possibility of safe reuse of water for gardening open spaces. Can be integrated as part of the landscape. Low energy & operation costs. Civic Responsibility.

DEWATS for Commercial Establishments Offices,

Shops, Hotels, Resorts etc. Can be scaled to any size. Adaptability to varying load conditions. Adaptability to varying climatic conditions. Can treat waste water with high fat, suspended solids and BOD. Safe reuse of water for non potable end uses. System cannot be switched off so ensures efficient working irrespective of external factors.

SEPTIC TANK
is a small scale sewage treatment system common in areas with no connection to main sewage Indianapolis is an example of a large city where many of the city's neighborhoods are still on separate septic systems). The term "septic" refers to the

ANAEROBIC BACTERIAL
environment that develops in the tank and which decomposes or mineralizes the waste discharged into the tank.

Septic tanks can be coupled with other on-site waste water treatment units such as biofilters or aerobic systems involving artificial forced aeration.

SEPTIC TANK

consists of a tank of between 1,000 and 2,000 gallons (4000 - 7500 litres) in size connected to an inlet wastewater pipe at one end and a septic drainage field at the other. pipe connections made via a T pipe which allows liquid entry and exit without disturbing any crust on the surface. Wastewater enters the first chamber of the tank, allowing solids to settle and scum to float.

SEPTIC TANK

The settled solids are anaerobically digested reducing the volume of solids. The liquid component flows through the dividing wall into the second chamber where further settlement takes place with the excess liquid then draining in a relatively clear condition from the outlet into the leach field or drain field, or seepage field. remaining impurities are trapped and eliminated in the soil, with the excess water eliminated through Percolation into the soil.

A piping network, laid in a stone filled trench distributes the wastewater throughout the field with multiple drainage holes in the network. The size of the leach field is proportional to the volume of wastewater and inversely proportional to the porosity of the drainage field. entire septic system can operate by gravity alone, or where topographic considerations require, with inclusion of a lift pump. Certain septic tank designs include siphons or other methods of increasing the volume and velocity of outflow to the drainage field. This helps to load all portions of the drainage pipe more evenly and improvesthe drainage field life by preventing premature clogging.

SEPTIC TANK

THE SEPTIC TANK IS A BIOREACTOR WHERE MICROORGANISMS BREAK DOWN ORGANIC MATTER IN THE WASTEWATER TO LIQUIDS, GASES AND SOLIDS. GASES ARE VENTED OFF THROUGH THE HOUSE VENT STACK. SOLIDS ARE COMPOSED OF BOTH SCUM AND SLUDGE.
SCUM IS LIGHTER THAN WATER AND FL OATS TO THE SURFACE IN THE SEPTIC TANK. SOLID PARTS ARE HEAVIER THAN WATER AND SINK TO THE BOTTOM OF THE TANK.

BACTERIA FEED ON THE WASTES AND THE FRACTION THAT CANT BE DECOMPOSED IS SLUDGE. SLUDGE ACCUMULATES IN THE BOTTOM OF THE SEPTIC TANK AND MUST BE REMOVED PERIODICALLY.

THE SEPTIC TANK AND SOIL ABSORPTION UNIT at least 100 feet away from any private well that is less than 100 feet deep, and at least 50 feet away from wells more than 100 feet deep.

IMHOFF TANK

IMHOFF TANK
a two-stage septic system where the sludge is digested in a separate

tank. This avoids mixing digested sludge with incoming sewage. Also, some septic tank designs have a second stage where the effluent from the anaerobic first stage is aerated before it drains into the seepage field Waste that is not decomposed by the anaerobic digestion eventually has to be removed from the septic tank, or else the septic tank fills up and undecomposed wastewater discharges directly to the drainage field. Not only is this bad for the environment, but if the sludge overflows the Septic tank into the leach field, it may clog the leach field piping or decrease the soil porosity itself, requiring expensive repairs. How often the septic tank has to be emptied depends on the volume of the tank relative to the input of solids, the amount of indigestible solids and the ambient temperature (as anaerobic digestion occurs

Some health authorities require tanks to be emptied at prescribed intervals, while others leave it up to the determination of the inspector.
Some systems require pumping every few years or sooner, while others may be able to go 10-20 years between pumpings. An older system with an undersized tank that is being used by a large family will require much more frequent pumping than a new system used by only a few people.

Imhoff tank

The Imhoff tank was developed to correct the two main defects of the septic tank. 1.IT PREVENTS THE SOLIDS ONCE REMOVED FROM THE SEWAGE FROM AGAIN BEING MIXED WITH IT, BUT STILL PROVIDES FOR THE DECOMPOSITION OF THESE SOLIDS IN THE SAME UNIT 2.IT PROVIDES AN EFFLUENT AMENABLE FOR FURTHER TREATMENT.

Imhoff tank

Contact between the waste stream and the anaerobic digesting sludge is practically eliminated and the holding period in primary settling compartment at the tank is reduced. The Imhoff tank may be either circular or rectangular and is divided into three compartments: 1.the upper section or sedimentation compartment 2.the lower section known as the digestion compartment and 3.the gas vent and scum section

It is desirable to be able to reverse the direction of flow to prevent excessive deposition of solids at one end of the sedimentation compartment. Periodically reversing the flow will result in an even accumulation of sludge across the bottom of the tank. In operation, all of the wastewater flows through the upper compartment. Solids settle to the bottom of this sloped compartment, slide down and pass through an opening or slot to the digestion compartment. One of the bottom slopes extends at least six inches beyond the slot.

Imhoff tank

This forms a trap to prevent gas or digesting sludge particles in the lower section from entering the waste stream in the upper section. The gas and any rising sludge particles are diverted to the gas vent and scum section.

SAND FILTERS
consists of a septic tank, sand filter and soil absorption bed. in the septic tank, solids settle out of the waste stream and anaerobic bacteria facilitate the partial breakdown of organic matter (primary treatment). Pressured doses of clarified effluent from the septic tank are discharged to the sand filter. The sand filter, is a buried chamber containing at least 24 inches of sand between layers of gravel. It serves as the fixed porous medium on which aerobic bacteria provide much of the secondary treatment. The effluent from the sand filter is then discharged, in pressurized doses, to a soil absorption bed.

SAND FILTERS

HIGH RATE SAND FILTERS

LOW RATE SAND FILTERS

the effluent from the sand filter is treated by passage through 24 inches of sand of an approved size and consistency, the soil absorption bed is reduced to 24 inches of suitable soil (minimum 6 inches in-situ soil).
Because the sand layer is underground, the potential landscaping disadvantages of an above ground mound are improved. Also, since the sand filter treats wastewater within an enclosed structure, the sand can be replaced easily should the need arise.

ABOUT 45% OF THE HEALTH DEPARTMENTS NATIONWIDE THAT RESPONDED TO A RECENT SURVEY STATED THAT THEY PERMITTED THE USE OF SAND FILTERS.

THE INDUSTRY ESTIMATES THAT THERE ARE APPROXIMATELY 15,000 SYSTEMS IN USE NATIONALLY.

SAND FILTERS APPLICATION

Since wastewater leaves a sand filter system as high-quality effluent, the soil in the trench or mound soil treatment system may be better able to accept it, and the system should last longer. Because sand filters produce cleaner wastewater, they are useful for sites that have been compacted, cut, or filled; and for environmentally sensitive areas like those near lakes, in shallow bedrock areas, aquifer recharge areas, and wellhead protection areas. Pretreatment may allow a reduction in the three-foot separation required between the soil treatment system and the limiting soil layer. Researchers in several states, including Minnesota, are testing reduced separation distances in soil treatment systems receiving wastewater pretreated in a sand filter. Sand filter systems may also be successfully retrofitted into drain fields that have failed because of excessive organic loading from lack of maintenance.

Final Disposal of Wastewater


Effluent discharged from this system will be very clean, but must still be applied to the soil for final treatment.

The design of this part of the system is still being tested and sizing requirements are being developed.
Effluent leaving the sand filter is sent to a soil treatment system. The effluent is so "clean," a biomat layer does not form the way it does in soil treatment systems receiving effluent from septic tanks. A pressure distribution network is needed to apply effluent evenly throughout the system.

ROOT ZONE METHOD

consists of 100mm top mud layer where plants are grown below which 100mm sand layer is provided and below the sand layer, 300mm of gravel layer is provided for filtration.
Raw effluent after removing grit or floating material is passed horizontally or vertically through The water percolates through the top layer, gets absorbed by the roots of wetland plants spread thickly and gets treated as they absorb the pollutants present in it the percolated water gets filtered as it passes through the sand gravel layer. After the gravel layer, 100mm RCC slab is provided to prevent the infiltration of the treated water. The treated water can be used to water the green landscapes. The beds can serve flows ranging from 1m3/day to more. The constructed wetlands require sizeable land area - 2 to 5 m2/person.

Methodology and applications

Aquatic plant species: the selected species should preferably have a rapid growth rate, be tolerant to nutrient rich feeds and be able to withstand wetland conditions.

In India, the Phragmites species (available locally) have been reported to be successfully used.
About 3-5 Phragmites plant saplings are planted per square meter. At full growth, the plants may be 3-4m tall and 100-150 reeds may exist per square meter. The quality of the wastewater in terms of BOD (mg/L), volume of discharge and the area available are the deciding factors while planning for a wetland system. Since the construction of wetland system and maintenance involves minimum cost, it is a user friendly system for wastewater handling.

Advantages of root zone system


achieves the standard for tertiary level with no operating cost. no chemical used for pH adjustment or for flocculation. Low electricity is consumed for pumping treated water from the collection tank to the reed bed. From the reed bed the treated water is collected and used for irrigation by gradient flow. has low maintenance cost since it involves no machinery and its associated maintenance. requires negligible attendance for operation and monitoring. I has no sludge handling problem such as scraping of slurry from the sludge drying beds and its disposal twice in a week. T sludge gets mineralized in the vertical zone of the reed

It enhances the landscape and gives the site a green appeal. It provides natural habitat for birds and after a few years gives an appearance of a Birds sanctuary. It is though an effluent treatment plant, it does not have odour problem and though It is a green zone, it does not have mosquitoes problem. The reeds are not grazed by ruminants. Salinity may not be a problem for a survival or operations of reed beds. It is recommended to combine vertical flow and then horizontal flow of sewage with a soil having impervious bottom. In the horizontal flow system, the sewage percolates through bed and that has all roots of the wetland plants spread very thickly nearly with 2500 types of bacteria and 10,000 types of fungi and aerobically oxidized organic matter of the effluent. Root zone system gives a very good performance of removing 90% BOD and 63% Nitrogen. Phragmites australis has been found more efficient in nitrogen removal compared to Typha latifolia.

AT GRADE AND MOUND SYSTEM

Some soil types are unsuitable for conventional septic tank soil absorption systems. As a result, alternative systems such as the MOUND SYSTEM can be used to overcome certain soil and site conditions.

Mounds are pressure-dosed sand filters that discharge directly to natural soil. They lie above the soil surface and are designed to overcome site restrictions such as: Slow or fast permeability soils.
Shallow soil cover over creviced or porous bedrock.

A high water table.

The main purpose of a mound system is to provide sufficient treatment to the natural environment to produce an effluent equivalent to, or better than, a conventional onsite disposal system.

Advantages
uses some sites that would otherwise be unsuitable for in-ground or at-grade onsite systems. The natural soil utilized in a mound system is the upper most horizon, which is typically the most permeable. A mound system does not have a direct discharge to a ditch, stream, or other body of water. Construction damage is minimized since there is little excavation required in the mound area. Mounds can be utilized in most climates.

Disadvantages
Construction costs are typically much higher than conventional systems. Since there is usually limited permeable topsoil available at mound system sites. Extreme care must be taken not to damage this layer with construction equipment. The location of the mound may affect drainage patterns and limit land use options. The mound may have to be partially rebuilt if seepage or leakage occurs. All systems require pumps or siphons. Mounds may not be aesthetically pleasing in unless properly landscaped.

AT GRADE

The at-grade soil absorption system accepts septic tank effluent, treats, and disposes of it in an environmentally acceptable manner. It serves the same function as in-ground soil absorption trenches or a mound system.

An at-grade system consists of a septic tank, pump chamber, pressure distribution system and a soil absorption bed. solids settle out of the waste stream and anaerobic bacteria facilitate the partial breakdown of organic matter (primary treatment). Clarified effluent from the septic tank is typically discharged via gravity to a pump chamber from which it is pumped, in controlled pressurized doses, up to the soil absorption bed. At-grades are unique in that the distribution piping is placed on a prepared gravel bed at the ground surface, literally at grade. The distribution piping is covered with sand and soil to protect it from freezing.

The system

The system is installed as follows: installation The existing soil is tilled, Observation tubes and aggregate are placed, The distribution network is installed, The fabric covering is laid on the aggregate A soil cover is placed over the fabric and on the side slopes.

Advantages:
enables use of land that may otherwise be unsuitable for conventional trenches Less costly than a mound because there is no need for costly C33 sand. The natural soil utilized in at-grade system is usually the top layer, which is typically the most permeable. Construction damage can be minimized since there is excavation required in the absorption area. At-grade systems can be utilized in most climates

the

little

Disadvantages:
Care must be taken to not damage the top permeable topsoil under the absorption area.
The location of the system may affect drainage patterns and limit land use options.

Need for electricity and mechanical equipment (in some circumstances siphons can be used in place of pumps).

SEEPAGE BEDS AND LEACH TRENCHES

CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT
In areas served by municipal wastewater facilities, sewage is transported away from homes in large diameter gravity sewers to a central plant where it is treated and discharged into a waterway. Outside of these areas, most individual residences must rely on a septic tank and soil absorption field, or on-site system, to dispose of their wastewater.

Cluster systems bridge the gap between these two

Components of a Cluster System


Collection Options
Pretreatment Options Final Disposal Options

Creating a Management Structure

Advantages Cluster systems have a number of advantages: Cost

Flexibility in land use


Maintenance Environmental protection

COST
The design and construction of the sewage collection system is often responsible for two-thirds or more of the cost. Much of this is due to the large-diameter gravity sewers, which must be laid on grade and can require very deep excavations or a number of lift stations. Small-diameter plastic pipes used in alternative systems are less expensive and easier to install than conventional sewer pipes. Pressurized sewers dont rely on gravity to operate, so they can be buried at shallow depths, just below the frost line, and follow the natural contours of the land, saving on excavation costs.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Small community systems discharge to high quality, low flow streams, local environmental impacts can be disproportionately high.

Flexibility in Land Use

Cluster wastewater systems may permit smaller lot sizes and provide planners with a tool to better preserve the green areas and rural character of small communities. These features are frequently lost when large, gravity sewers are installed and high-density development follows, or if large lot sizes are required for individual on-site sewage disposal systems.

Maintenance

Complex sewage treatment processes require expertise often not found in rural locations. Decentralised systems minimize the need for process understanding and rely more on the mechanical aptitude of an Operation and Management staff, which is more often available in rural settings.

Disadvantages
The primary disadvantage of cluster systems has to do with the amount of operation and maintenance needed. While usually not complicated, alternative sewers have components that conventional sewers do not have, such as septic tanks that need to be inspected and pumped and mechanical parts and controls that use electricity. These require more frequent and regular maintenance than conventional sewers. They also are located on site, requiring workers to travel to individual homes or businesses. This may, however, be more than offset by higher operational costs at more complex central treatment facilities. Clusters require a somewhat complex organizational structure in order to make community decisions such as fee collection and continuing education of homeowners about wastewater issues. Homeowner cooperation is much more important than with municipal systems since smaller systems are less resilient and less tolerant of periodic large flows or larger than normal loadings of household chemicals than in large systems, where these peaks are averaged out over a very large user base.

THANK YOU

MAITREYI NAINA MRUNALI SURENDRA NIRAJ RITESH SREEKANTH

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