ENGLISH

Writing

Key Points
Coherence and cohesion Lexical resource Grammatical range and accuracy

Coherence and Cohesion

Cohesion How words are linked to form sentences and how sentences are joined together logically. Again, remember the Word Function!.... Coherence Organization of the whole text. Paragraph: topic sentence, supporting details and conclusion. Hamburger method: introduction, main body and conclusion.

Example
Natural products are products of natural origins. Natural products include an entire organism, a part of an organism, an extract of organism part. In addition, pure compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, which is isolated from plant, animals or microorganism is also classified as natural products.
4

Lexical Resource
The range of vocabulary across topic areas. The command of word forms (eg. Harm, harmful, harmfully, etc) The correct spelling

Variation= not monoton

Conduct, perform, do, carry out. Produce, yield, give, obtain. In addition, additionally, furthermore, While, whereas. Therefore, thus, hence, so. Next, then. Since, due to, as, because, because of.
6

Example!!!!
Synthesis of biodiesel from Jambu mete waste has been conducted. Synthesis of biodiesel from Jambu mete waste has been performed. Synthesis of biodiesel from Jambu mete waste has been done. Synthesis of biodiesel from Jambu mete waste has been carried out.
7

 TOO MONOTON..................... Effect of pH An experiment was conducted by adding 0.008 g of activated carbon adsorbent into 10 mL of metal cation sample solution having a concentration of 10 mg/L. The effect of pH on the adsorption of Cd(II), Pb(II) and Cr(III) were carried out in pH 4,0; 4,5; 5,0; 5,5; 6,0 and 6,5. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. The adsorbent was filtered out and dried in a desiccator. Concentration of metal ion was then measured by AAS. Adsorption kinetics An experiment was conducted by adding 0.024 g of activated carbon adsorbent into 30 mL of metal cation sample solution having a concentration of 10 mg/L. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5, 15, 45, 135 and 405 minutes. The adsorbent was filtered out and dried in a desiccator. Concentration of metal ion was then8 measured by AAS.

 It would be better to make a variation in writing!!!........... Effect of pH The experiment was conducted by adding 0.008 g of activated carbon adsorbent into 10 mL of metal cation sample solution with the concentration of 10 mg/L. The adsorptions of Cd(II), Pb(II) and Cr(III) were carried out in pH 4,0; 4,5; 5,0; 5,5; 6,0 and 6,5. The mixture was then stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. Next, the adsorbent was filtered out and dried in a desiccator. The adsorbed metal ion was measured based on concentration of metal cation before and after the adsorption using AAS. Adsorption kinetics As much as 0.024 g of the adsorbent was added into 30 mL of metal cation sample solution with concentration of 10 mg/L for each. The adsorption kinetics was studied by conducting the adsorption in various contact times, which were 5, 15, 45, 135 and 405 minutes. Concentration of metal ion before and after adsorption was then measured by AAS and corrected with the 9 blank solution by AAS.

Grammatical Range and Accuracy

This refers to your command of the grammar of English and the rate of error. How many mistakes do you make???..... The range of sentence types and the length of these sentences. Do you mix of simple,compound and complex sentences????..... THE MORE YOU PRACTICE, THE EASIER WRITING WOULD BE
10

Lets have a practice then.

Aspirin atau asam asetilsalisilat adalah sejenis obat turunan dari salisilat yang sering digunakan sebagai senyawa analgesik, antipiretik dan anti-inflamasi. Aspirin juga memiliki efek antikoagulan dan dapat digunakan dalam dosis rendah untuk mencegah serangan jantung. Aspirin dapat disintesis melalui reaksi asetilasi terkatalisis asam terhadap asam salisilat menggunakan asetat anhidrida. Asam salisilat sendiri dapat disintesis dari hidrolisis metal salisilat yang merupakan komponen utama dari minyak gandapura.
11

Writing paragraph from Graph,Table or Figure

Identify the subject of paragraph. Identify significant features or the main trends. Identify the data. Construct a variety of sentences comparing or contrasiting information from the graph Use transition signal. Construct cohesive paragraph. Check for mistakes.
12

Expression (Refering)
As can be seen from the chart/ diagram/ table/ data. It can be seen in the figure/ table. The graph shows that. According to/ based on the table As is shown/ presented/ displayed in Table It can be seen from the..
13

Expression (trend)
To fall, to decline, to decrease. To remain constant, stable, same. To rise, to reach the maximum point Steadily, gradually, sharply, dramatically.

14

Have a practice
350

Number of Students

300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year
15

2008 2010

Trend VS Tendency
If the numbers seem to be consistently going down, there is a downward trend. If the numbers are consistently going downwards, we can say there is a tendenc to fall.

16

Downward VS Downwards
There was a downward (upward) trend The trend was downwards (upwards)

17

Per cent VS Percentage

40% of the group was male. A larger percentage was female. Not. 40% of the group was male. 60% of the group was female.

18

To Contrast
Show differences
Whereas However On the other hand Different from Whilst/ while In contrast to

19

To Compare
Show similarities
Similarly A is the same as B They are alike in that. Both In the same way

20

Another example
Structure elucidation of the product with Infra Red spectrometer gave an IR spectrum in Figure V.8. The disappearance of the broad absorption band at 30003500 cm-1, which represents the hydroxyl group (OH), indicates that the acetylation reaction has taken place. Another evidence is the presence of two strong peaks at 1759 and 1712 cm-1 which are characteristic for the carbonyl group (C=O) of ester. The absorption of C-O-C and methyl group of ester can be seen at 1211 and 1442 cm-1, respectively (Table V.3).
21

Writing the reaction mechanism

O

H+
OH

OH

OH

H O

CH3OH
OH CH3

OH

-H+

OH

OH OCH3

OH OCH3

OCH3

-H2O
OH2

OH

-H+

22
OCH3

The mechanism of the acid-catalyzed-esterification of benzoic acid with methanol is presented in Figure III.2. The benzoic acid is protonated on its carbonyl oxygen which is increase the positive (electrophile) character of the carbonyl group. The methanol acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon. The formed oxonium ion then lost a proton to give tetrahedral intermediate in its neutral form. The next step begins with protonation of hydroxyl oxygen on the tetrahedral intermediate, followed by water elimination and deprotonation to yield an ester.

23