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 Introduction Receive-only

home TV Systems Master Antenna TV System Community Antenna TV System Transmit-Receive Earth Stations Homework Problems
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Introduction

The earth segment of a satellite communications system consists of the transmit and receive earth stations. The simplest of those are the home TV receive-only (TVRO) system The most complex are the terminal stations used for international communication networks. Also, included in the earth segment are: Earth station on ships at sea Commercial and military land stations Commercial and military aeronautical mobile stations
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Receive-Only Home TV Systems

Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) service: Some variation in the frequency bands and different geographical regions. In Americas, the downlink band is 12.2 to 12.7 GHz. (500mhz) C-band larger receiving antenna (about 3-m diameter) for network relay to commercial TV outlets. It differs from Ku-band receive-only systems lies in the frequency of operation of the outdoor unit, and EIRP of Ku-band is higher. INTELSAT-702 77dBW EIRP80dBW 30,240,000 74dBW EIRP77dBW 24,192,000 71dBW EIRP74dBW 18,144,000 68dBW EIRP71dBW 12,096,000 EIRP68dBW 6,048,000

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Receive-Only Home TV Systems Polarization interleaving: Frequency reuse by using the alternately polarized LHC/RHC and/or vertical/horizontal to reduce interference to acceptable levels. Interleaving The signal fed to the indoor unit is normally a wideband signal covering the range 950-1450 MHz The 70MHz Intermediate frequency (IF) carrier must be demodulated and the base band information used to generate a vestigial single sideband (VSSB) signal which is fed into one of the VHF/UHF channel of a standard TV set.
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Receive-Only Home TV Systems

There are many types of communication, however, such as television, video, facsimile and high-speed data signals that have a large bandwidth incorporating significant low-frequency content. Single sideband (SSB) systems have a poor low-frequency response so vestigial-sideband (VSB) modulation is used, which is derived by filtering double-sideband (DSB) so that one sideband is completely passed and just a trace, or vestige, of the other sideband is included. cos(A+B) = cosAcosB - sinAsinB cos(A-B) = cosAcosB + sinAsinB cosAcosB = (cos(A+B) + cos(A-B) )/2 Let A = wt & B = wct cos wt cos wct = (cos(wc + w) t+ cos(wc - w)t )/2 There are two side band frequencies: wc+w and wc-w
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Receive-Only Home TV Systems

SSB versus AM: (1) Since the carrier is not transmitted, there is a reduction by 50% of the transmitted power (3dBm). --In AM @100% modulation: 1/2 of the power is comprised of the carrier; with the remaining (1/2) power in both sidebands. (2) Because in SSB, only one sideband is transmitted, there is a further reduction by 50% in transmitted power (-3dBm (+) -3dBm = -6dBm). (3) Finally, because only one sideband is received, the receiver's needed bandwidth is reduced by one half--thus effectively reducing the required power by the transmitter another 50% (-3dBm (+) -3dBm (+) -3dBm = -9dBm).

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Receive-Only Home TV Systems (continued)

A vestigial sideband (VSB) in radio communication is a sideband that has been only partly cut off or suppressed. VSB transmission is similar to single-sideband (SSB) transmission, in which one of the sidebands is completely removed. In VSB transmission, however, the second sideband is not completely removed, but is filtered to remove all but the desired range of frequencies. Television broadcasts (regardless of NTSC, PAL, or SECAM analog video format) use this method if the video is transmitted in AM, due to the enormous bandwidth used. It may also be used in digital transmission, such as the ATSCstandardized 8-VSB. The bandwidth of vestigial-sideband systems is therefore only slightly larger than that of SSB systems.
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Receive-Only Home TV Systems (continued)

Advanced

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Systems (ATSC) Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial (DVB-T) Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting-

Television Committee

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Master Antenna TV Systems

A master antenna TV (MATV) systems is used to provide reception of DBS TV/FM channels to a small group of users, for example, to the tenants in an apartment building. It consists of a single outdoor unit feeding a number of indoor units. The advantage is that only one outdoor unit is required, but separate LNA/Cs and feeder cables are required .

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Community Antenna TV System

The community antenna TV (CATV) system employs a single outdoor unit, with separate feeds available, like the MATV. Instead of having a separate receiver for each user, all the carrier are demodulated in a common receiver-filter system. In a remote areas where a cable distribution system may not be installed, the signal can be rebroadcast from a lowpower VHF TV transmitter.
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Transmit-Receive Earth System

A transmit-only station is required in relaying TV signals to the remote TV receive-only stations. Transmit-receive stations provide both functions and are required for telecommunications traffic. A number of different classes of earth stations are available, depending on the service requirements. Traffic can be broadly classified as heavy route, medium, and thin route. In a thin-route circuit, a transponder channel (36 MHz, C-band) may be occupied by a number of single carriers, each associated with its own voice circuit. The mode of operation is known as single carrier per channel (SCPC).
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Transmit-Receive Earth System (continued)

A medium-route circuit also provide multiple access, either on the basis of frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) or time-division multiple access (TDMA), multiplexed base band signals being carried in either case. In 6/4-GHz heavy-route system, each satellite channel (bandwidth 36 MHz) is capable of carrying over 960 oneway voice circuits simultaneously or a single-color analog TV signal with associated audio (in some systems two analog TV signals can be accommodated).

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Homework Problems

8.1 Explain what is meant by direct broadcast satellite service. 8.2 Explain what is meant by polarization interleaving. 8.4 Explain why the low-noise amplifier in a satellite receiving system in placed at the antenna end of the feeder cable. 8.8 Describe and compare the master antenna TV (MATV) and the community antenna TV (CATV) systems. 8.9 Explain what is meant by the term redundant earth system.
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The largest satellite station in the world, Goonhilly Earth Station is located on the Goonhilly Downs near Helston on the Lizard peninsula. The station has over 60 dishes on the site enabling it to transmit to every corner of the globe via space, and through undersea fibre optic cables. Goonhilly simultaneously handles millions of international phone calls, emails, and TV broadcasts.
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