Chapter 8

Programming

Introduction
Deciding what should be distributed to the public and when. For internet when is not that important. Internet has influenced the whole programming process need to combine old programming + interactivity + creativity Need to follow societal change MTV from music style to retool dramas, sitcoms, and others

Sources of Programs
Self-Produced Related & Nonrelated Media get from each other from affiliate network for radio voice tracking Nonrelated media not related through ties or affiliation agreements Major & Independents pod deals produce programs for the network windows a time between a film is shown in theatre and when it shown elsewhere umbrella deal gives office and some financing produce for them Syndicators Others sports franchises, music company, video game producer

Developments
from idea to distribution Ideas it needs to be nurtured, tested and fine-tune before public consumption Idea needs pitching If the idea is for a series may need a pilot one program that might appear in a series development hell maybe making it into sequel or a spin-off

The News Process

based on whatever is happening in the world no pitch-pilot development process decisions are made quickly News Gathering assign own reporters local, national & international assignment editor keeps a list of stories that likely to become important reporters who were embedded stringers not in a payroll paid for stories or footages major providers CNN news agencies using wire services today- sound bites & video footages via satellite the public news releases scanners , helicopters and others.

The News Process

News Compilation decides what story to broadcast rewrites news agency copy makes phone calls to confirm facts news director overall responsibility news operation, hiring & firing people, setting basic guidelines for the approach news producer organizes the programs & decides what will be included segment producers segment stories assignment editors reporters for radio process selecting stories is ongoing news is broadcast many times throughout the day for television major effort is devoted to evening news decision making what stories to go on air until close to airtime anchors get into position director and crew prepare for the broadcast material is put in order teleprompter copy is readied computer graphics are polished and the newscast begins last minute changes can still occur

The News Process

Presentation radio disc jockeys or reporters anchor teams to present the news television newscasters who appeal to viewers to establish trustworthy and loyal audience Websites updates constantly include video clips used in a newscast - or maybe reedit may also include material that does not make it to the newscast web no time limitation

Formats
particular type of material that they program adult contemporary, classic rock, top 40, country, alternative, all-news, oldies, talk based from this develop special features, original programming decision factors how to grab the audience

Scheduling
for radio main scheduling element a clock will all segments that appear within an hours worth of programming each time segment within an hour resembles that same time at other hours. most stations change their clocks to some degree during different dayparts- example traffic reports

Scheduling
for movie business high budgets movies holiday periods video games near Christmas to maximize sales internet just need to keep up to date.

Scheduling Strategies
block programming the scheduling of one type of programs (comedies) for an entire evening. To ensure audience flow. hammocking putting new series between two successful existing series with the idea that people will stay tuned through the whole block. tentpoling scheduling new or weak series before and after a very successful program stripping used mostly by TV stations. Show programs from the same series at the same time Monday through Friday.

Genres of Programs
Drama basic, enduring & high profile form of entertainment movies are still heavy on drama many are part of television forms of drama soap operas tune in tomorrow telenovela- from Latin America anthology dramas individual story did not have same characters within the series episodic serialized dramas characters & problems solved in 60 minutes miniseries several episodes docudrama factual base but includes fictionalized events expensive to produce suspense and conflict lead to violence

Genres of Programs
Comedy aim to make people laugh not an easy task in the form of sitcoms

Reality 1990s Real people engaged in real activities no actors to pay, no sets to build, technical requirements were minimal summer 2000 went into new direction Mark Burnett Survivor reality TV has been extended to some other forms of programming game shows or music shows
Games ordinary people using skill or luck to win prizes - excitement some of them were quite intellectual Music minor role in TV than in radio MTV negative impact of music on youth

Genres of Programs
News Journalist=gatekeepers decide what people need to know more sources for news finding news content and style delivering political information sometime making rush judgment encapsulated news yet often trivial sensationalism biased

Sports value to broadcasting right fees blackout (not airing)

Talk Shows radio talk shows early development no telephone technology simply in studio interviews interviews, interactions, newscasts cost depends on quality and demands of the guests and host

Genres of Programs
Documentaries & Information film theorists believe - deal with controversial subjects and present a point of view Magazine consist of a number of minidocs not go into enough depth more featurelike than documentary Discovery Channel opened the door for more documentary production fairly non controversial wildlife, science & other aspects of nature

Religion part of radio & tv since their beginnings part of the day or the rest of the day some limit religious programs to Sunday morning most do not contain paid advertising ask people to donate money buy religious items or support the particular religion some radio stations have religious music format

Genres of Programs
Childrens Programming radio first aired childrens programs during Saturday morning and after-school hours today radio programs very little for children television started emphasis on puppets longest-running kids show on commercial network TV (1955-1982) Captain Kangaroo most programs consisted of host or hostess introduce cartoons and promote commercial products new approach educate & inform not simply entertain 1979 Nickelodeon has become top purveyor of popular childrens programs

Issues & the Future

changes programming will go through changes in the near future internet the role of internet and portable devices in distributing entertainment & information programming choices = choice fatigue still there is nothing good on tv entertainment area dominated by reality tv difficult for writers to find jobs limit opportunity for actors soap operas smaller audiences than in the past when there was less choice sex & violence will continue to draw fire elements that sell programs news will be criticized exhibit viewpoints that are not popular improvements on childrens TV new ideas

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