425 Serviceability CHP 6 S11

Chp-6:Lecture Goals
Serviceability
Deflection calculation
Deflection example

Structural Design Profession is concerned with:
Limit States Philosophy:
Strength Limit State
(safety-fracture, fatigue, overturning buckling
etc.-)
Serviceability
Performance of structures under normal service
load and are concerned the uses and/or
occupancy of structures
;

:Time dependent Factor
:Amplification factor

Solution:
See Example 2.2
Ma: Max.
Service
Load Moment

Reinforced Concrete Sections - Example
Given a doubly reinforced beam with h = 24 in, b = 12 in.,
d = 2.5 in. and d = 21.5 in. with 2# 7 bars in compression
steel and 4 # 7 bars in tension steel. The material
properties are f
c
= 4 ksi and f
y
= 60 ksi.
Determine I
gt
, I
cr
, M
cr(+)
, M
cr(-)
, and compare to the NA of
the beam.

The components of the beam
( )
( )
2 2
s
2 2
s
c c
2 0.6 in 1.2 in
4 0.6 in 2.4 in
1 k
57000 57000 4000
1000 lb
3605 ksi
A
A
E f
'
= =
= =
| |
= =
|
\ .
=
The compute the n value and the centroid, I uncracked
n
area (in
2
) n*area (in
2
)
y
i
(in) y
i
*n*area (in
2
)
I (in
4
)
d (in)
d
2
*n*area(in
4
)
A'
s
7.04 1.2 8.448 2.5 21.12 - -9.756 804.10
A
s
7.04 2.4 16.896 21.5 363.26 - 9.244 1443.75
A
c 1 288 288 12 3456.00 13824 -0.256 18.89
313.344 3840.38 13824 2266.74
s
c
29000 ksi
8.04
3605 ksi
E
n
E
= = =
The compute the centroid and I uncracked
3
i i i
2
i i
2 4 4
i i i i
4
3840.38 in
12.26 in.
313.34 in
I 13824 in 2266.7 in
16090.7 in
y n A
y
n A
I d n A
= = =
= + = +
=

The compute the centroid and I for a cracked doubly
reinforced beam.
( ) ( )
0
2 1 2 2 1 2
s s s s
2
=
+
'
+
'
+
b
d nA A n
y
b
nA A n
y
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2
2 2
s
2
2 7.04 1.2 in 2 8.04 2.4 in
12 in.
2 7.04 1.2 in 2 8.04 2.4 in 21.5 in.
0
12 in.
4.624 72.664 0
y y
y y
+
+
+
=
+ =
The compute the centroid for a cracked doubly reinforced
beam.
2
4.624 72.664 0 y y + =
( ) ( )
2
4.624 4.624 4 72.664
2
6.52 in.
y
+ +
=
=
The compute the moment of inertia for a cracked doubly
reinforced beam.
( ) ( ) ( )
2
s
2
s
3
cr
1
3
1
y d nA d y A n y b I +
'
'
+ =
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
3
cr
2
2
2
2
4
1
12 in. 6.52 in.
3
7.04 1.2 in 6.52 in. 2.5 in.
8.04 2.4 in 21.5 in. 6.52 in.
5575.22 in
I =
+
+
=
The critical ratio of moment of inertia
4
cr
4
g
cr g
5575.22 in
0.346
16090.7 in
0.35
I
I
I I
= =
~
Find the components of the beam
( )( )( )
( )
( )
( )
c c
s
s s s
2
s s s c
0.85 0.85 4 ksi 12 in. 0.85 34.68
2.5 in. 0.0075
0.003 0.003
0.0075 217.5
29000 0.003 87
217.5
0.85 1.2 in 87
261
100.32
C f ba c c
c
c c
f E
c c
C A f f
c
c
c
c
= = =
| |
'
= =
|
\ .
| |
'
= = =
|
\ .
| |
'
= =
|
\ .
=
Find the components of the beam
( )
( )
( ) ( )( )
( )
2
c s
2
2
2.4 in 60 ksi 144 k
261
144 k 34.68 100.32 34.68 43.68 261 0
43.68 43.68 4 261 34.68
2 34.68
3.44 in.
T
T C C
c c c
c
c
= =
= +
= + =
+ +
=
=
The neutral axis
The strain of the steel
Note: At service loads, beams are assumed to act
elastically.
( )
( )
s
s
3.44 in. 2.5 in.
0.003 0.0008 0.00207
3.44 in.
21.5 in. 3.44 in.
0.003 0.0158 0.00207
3.44 in.
c
c
| |
'
= =
|
\ .
| |
= =
|
\ .
3.44 in.
y 6.52 in.
c =
=
Using a linearly varying c and o = Ec along the NA
is the centroid of the area for an elastic center
The maximum tension stress in tension is
r c
7.5 7.5 4000
474.3 psi 0.4743 ksi
f f = =
=
My
I
o =
The uncracked moments for the beam
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
4
r
cr
4
r
cr
0.4743 ksi 16090.7 in
650.2 k-in.
24 in. 12.26 in.
0.4743 ksi 16090.7 in
622.6 k-in.
12.26 in.
My I
M
I y
f I
M
y
f I
M
y
o
o
+
= =
= = =
= = =
Calculate the Deflections
(1) Instantaneous (immediate) deflections
(2) Sustained load deflection
Instantaneous Deflections
due to dead loads( unfactored) , live, etc.
Equations for calculating A
inst
for common cases
inst
for common cases
inst
for common cases
inst
for common cases
Sustained Load Deflections
Creep causes an increase
in concrete strain
Curvature
increases
Compression steel
present
Increase in compressive
strains cause increase in
stress in compression
reinforcement (reduces
creep strain in concrete)
Helps limit this
effect.
Sustain load deflection = A
i

Instantaneous deflection
'
+
=
50 1
ACI 9.5.2.5
bd
A
s
'
=
'
at midspan for simple and continuous beams

at support for cantilever beams
= time dependent factor for sustained load
5 years or more
12 months
6 months
3 months
1.4
1.2
1.0
2.0
Also see Figure 9.5.2.5 from ACI code
For dead and live loads
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
total
DL inst LL inst
DL L.T. LL L.T.

A = A + A
+ A + A
DL and LL may have different factors for LT ( long
term ) A calculations
( ) inst DL total
components N/S
of attachment after
total
A A = A
|
|
.
|
\
|
The appropriate value of I
c
must be used to calculate
A at each load stage.
( )
( ) ( ) inst DL inst LL
inst DL
A + A
A
Some percentage of DL (if given)
Full DL and LL
Serviceability Load Deflections -
Example
Show in the attached figure is a typical interior span of a floor
beam spanning between the girders at locations A and C. Partition
walls, which may be damaged by large deflections, are to be
erected at this level. The interior beam shown in the attached
figure will support one of these partition walls. The weight of the
wall is included in the uniform dead load provided in the figure.
Assume that 15 % of the distributed dead load is due to a
superimposed dead load, which is applied to the beam after the
partition wall is in place. Also assume that 40 % of the live load
will be sustained for at least 6 months.
Serviceability Load Deflections - Example
f
c
= 5 ksi
f
y
= 60 ksi
Part I
Determine whether the floor beam meets the ACI Code maximum
permissible deflection criteria. (Note: it will be assumed that it is
acceptable to consider the effective moments of inertia at location
A and B when computing the average effective moment of inertia
for the span in this example.)

Part II
Check the ACI Code crack width provisions at midspan of the
beam.
Deflection before glass partition is installed (85 % of DL)

( )
( )( ) ( )
e
w
35ft 12 in/ft
105 in
4 4
8t 2 8 4.5 in 2 12 in = 84 in
s = 10 ft = 120 in.
l
b
b
s = =
s + = +
s
Compute the centroid and gross moment of inertia, I
g
.

b h Area yi Ai * yi
Flange 84 4.5 378 17.75 6709.5
Web 15.5 12 186 7.75 1441.5
564 8151
The moment of inertia
3
2
8151 in
14.45 in 14.5 in
564 in
i i
i
y A
y
A
= = = ~
( )( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )
3 2
g
3 2
2
3 2
2
4 4
1
12
1
84 in 4.5 in 378 in 17.75 in - 14.45 in
12
1
12 in 15.5 in 186 in 7.75 in - 14.45 in
12
16, 950 in 16900 in
I bh Ad
| |
= +
|
\ .
= +
+ +
= ~

The moment capacity
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( )
r c
c c
4
r g
cr -
t -
4
r g
cr +
t +
7.5 7.5 5000 530 psi
E 57000 57000 5000 /1000 lbs=4030 ksi
530 psi 16900 in
M 1610 k-in
y 5.55 in 1000 lbs/kip
530 psi 16900 in
M 618 k-in
y 14.5 in 1000 lbs/kip
f f
f
f I
f I
= = =
= =
= = =
= = =
Determine bending moments due to initial load (0.85
DL) The ACI moment coefficients will be used to
calculate the bending moments Since the loading is not
patterned in this case, This is slightly conservative
The moments at the two locations
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
2
A D n
2
2
B D n
2
0.85 /11
0.85*1.00k/ft* 33.67 ft /11
87.6 k-ft 1050 k-in
0.85 /16
0.85*1.00k/ft* 33.67 ft /16
60.2 k-ft 723 k-in
M w l
M w l
=
=
=
=
=
=
Moment at C will be set equal to M
a
for simplicity, as
given in the problem statement.
( )
( )
A
cr -
g
B
cr +
cr
1050 k-in <M
1610 k-in Use I @ supports
723 k-in>M
618 k-in Use I @ midspan
M
M
=
=
=
=
Assume Rectangular Section Behavior and calculate the
areas of steel and ratio of Modulus of Elasticity
( )
( )
s
c
2 2
s
2 2
s
29000 ksi
7.2
4030 ksi
3#5 3 0.31 in 0.93 in
4#7 4 0.6 in 2.40 in
E
n
E
A
A
= = =
'
= = =
= = =
Calculate the center of the T-beam
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
s s s s 2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 1 2 2 1 2
0
2 6.2 0.93 in 2 7.2 2.4 in
84 in.
2 6.2 0.93 in 2.5 in. 2 7.2 2.4 in 17.5 in.
0
84 in.
0.549 7.54 0
0.549 30.47
2.49 in.
2
n A nA n Ad nAd
y y
b b
y y
y y
y
' ' '
+ + ( (
+ =
( (

(
+
( +
(

(
+
( =
(

+ =

= =
The centroid is located at the A
s
< 4.5 in. = t
f
Use
rectangular section behavior
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
3
s s
cr +
3
2
2
2
2
4
1
1
3
1
84 in 2.49 in
3
6.2 0.93 in 2.5 in 2.49 in
7.2 2.4 in 17.5 in 2.49 in
4330 in
I by n A y d nA d y
' '
= + +
=
+
+
=
The moment of inertia at midspan
( )
( )
( )
3 3
cr cr
g cr
e midspan
a a
3
4
3
4
4
1
618 k-in
16900 in
723 k-in
618 k-in
1 4330 in
723 k-in
12200 in
M M
I I I
M M
| |
| | | |
|
= +
| |
|
\ . \ .
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
| |
+
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
=
Calculate average effective moment of inertia, I
e(avg)
for
interior span (for 0.85 DL) For beam with two ends
continuous and use I
g
for the two ends.
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
e1 e2
e avg e mid
4
4 4
4
0.7 0.15
0.7 12200 in
0.15 16900 in 16900 in
13600 in
I I I I = + +
=
+ +
=
Calculate instantaneous deflection due to 0.85 DL:
Use the deflection equation for a fixed-fixed beam but use
the span length from the centerline support to centerline
support to reasonably approximate the actual deflection.
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
4 3
4
DL inst
4
0.85 1.00 k/ft 35 ft 12 in/ft
384
384 4030 ksi 13600 in
0.105 inches
l
EI
e
A = =
=
Calculate additional short-term Deflections (full DL & LL)
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )( )
2
2
D L n
A
2
2
D L n
B
1.62 k/ft 33.67 ft
11 11
167 k-ft 2000 k-in
1.62 k/ft 33.67 ft
16 16
115 k-ft 1380 k-in
l
M
l
M
e e
e e
+
= =
= =
+
= =
= =
Calculate additional short-term Deflections (full DL & LL)

Let M
c
= M
a
= - 2000 k-in for simplicity see problem
statement
( )
( )
c A
cr -
B
cr +
2000 k-in 1610 k-in
cracking at supports
1380 k-in 618 k-in
cracking at midspan
M M M
M M
= = > =
= > =

Assume beam is fully cracked under full DL + LL,
therefore I= I
cr
(do not calculate I
e
for now).
I
cr
for supports
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
s
2
2 2
s
7.20
2 4 0.20 in 3 0.6 in
3.40 in
20 in - 2.5 in = 17.5 in
3 0.6 in 1.80 in
2.5 in
n
A
d
A
d
=
= +
=
=
'
= =
'
=
Class formula using doubly reinforced rectangular section
behavior.
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
s s s s 2
2 2
2
2 2
2 1 2 2 1 2
0
2 6.2 1.80 in 2 7.2 3.4 in
12 in
2 6.2 1.80 in 2.5 in 2 7.2 3.4 in 17.5 in
0
12 in
n A nA n Ad nAd
y y
b b
y y
' ' '
+ + ( (
+ =
( (

(
+
( +
(

(
+
( =
(

Class formula using doubly reinforced rectangular section
behavior.
( ) ( )
s s s s 2
2
2 1 2 2 1 2
0
5.94 76.05 0
5.94 340
6.25 in.
2
n A nA n Ad nAd
y y
b b
y y
y
' ' '
+ + ( (
+ =
( (

+ =

= =
Calculate moment of inertia.
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
3
s s
cr +
3
2
2
2
2
4
1
1
3
1
12 in 6.25 in
3
6.2 1.80 in 2.5 in 6.25 in
7.2 3.4 in 17.5 in 6.25 in
4230 in
I by n A y d nA d y
' '
= + +
=
+
+
=
Weighted I
cr
( )
( )
( ) ( )
cr cr1 cr2
cr mid
4 4 4
4
0.7 0.15
0.7 4330 in 0.15 4230 in 4230 in
4300 in
I I I I = + +
= + +
=
Instantaneous Dead and Live Load Deflection.
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
4 3
4
D
DL inst
4
LL inst DL inst
1.00 k/ft 35 ft 12 in/ft
384
384 4030 ksi 4300 in
0.390 inches
0.62 k/ft
*
1.00 k/ft
0.242 inches
l
EI
e
A = =
=
A = A
=
Long term Deflection at the midspan
Dead Load (Duration > 5 years)
( )
( )
( )
( )( )
2
s
w
3 0.31 in
0.00221
2 2 12 in 17.5 in
A t
t
b d
'
= = =
( )
( ) ( )
( )
DL
DL L.T. DL inst
2.0
1.80
1 50 1 50 0.00221
1.8 0.390 in 0.702 in
= = =
'
+ +
A = A = =
Long term Deflection use the midspan information
Live Load (40 % sustained 6 months)
( )
( )
( )
( )( )
2
s
w
3 0.31 in
0.00221
2 2 12 in 17.5 in
A t
t
b d
'
= = =
( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
LL
LL L.T. LL inst
1.2
1.08
1 50 1 50 0.00221
1.08 0.242 in 0.40
0.105 in
= = =
'
+ +
A = A =
=
Total Deflection after Installation of Glass Partition Wall.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
total
DL inst LL inst DL L.T. LL L.T.
after attachment total
DL inst
permissible
0.390 in 0.242 in 0.702 in 0.105 in
= 1.44 in
1.44 in 0.105 in 1.33 in
480
35 ft 12 in/ft
0.875 in < 1.33 in NO GOO
480
l
A = A + A + A + A
= + + +
A = A A
= =
A =
= =
( )
D!
Check whether modifying I
cr
to I
e
will give an acceptable
deflection:
( )
( )
( )
3 3
cr cr
g cr
e midspan
a a
3
4
3
4
4
1
618 k-in
16900 in
1380 k-in
618 k-in
1 4330 in
1380 k-in
5460 in
M M
I I I
M M
| |
| | | |
|
= +
| |
|
\ . \ .
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
| |
+
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
=
Check whether modifying I
cr
to I
e
will give an acceptable
deflection:
( )
( )
( )
3
4
e support
3
4
4
1610 k-in
16900 in
2000 k-in
1610 k-in
1 4230 in
2000 k-in
10800 in
I
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
| |
+
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
=
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
e1 e2
e avg e mid
4 4 4
4
0.7 0.15
0.7 5460 in 0.15 10800 in 10800 in
7060 in
I I I I = + +
= + +
=
Floor Beam meets the ACI Code Maximum permissible
Deflection Criteria. Adjust deflections:
( )
( )
( )
( )
4
DL inst 4
4
LL inst 4
4
DL L.T. 4
4
LL L.T. 4
4300 in
0.390 in 0.238 in
7060 in
4300 in
0.242 in 0.147 in
7060 in
4300 in
0.702 in 0.428 in
7060 in
4300 in
0.105 in 0.064 in
7060 in
| |
A = =
|
\ .
| |
A = =
|
\ .
| |
A = =
|
\ .
| |
A = =
|
\ .
Adjust deflections:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
total
DL inst LL inst DL L.T. LL L.T.
after attachment total
DL inst
permissible
0.238 in. 0.147 in. 0.428 in. 0.064 in.
0.877 in.
0.877 in. 0.105 in.
0.772 in. 0.875 in. OKAY!
A = A + A + A + A
= + + +
=
A = A A
=
= < A =
Part II: Check crack width @ midspan
3
s c
z f d A =
( )( )
c s
2
e s
2
2
e
2.5 in
A 2 2 2.5 in 12 in 60 in
60 in
15 in
# bars 4
d d
d b
A
A
= =
= = =
= = =
Assume
( ) ( )
s y
0.6 0.6 60 ksi 36 ksi ACI 10.6.4 f f = = =
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
3
36 ksi 2.5 in 15 in
120 k/in < 175 k/in OK
z =
=
For interior exposure, the crack width @ midspan
is acceptable.
http://civilengineeringreview.com/book/theory-
structures/beam-deflection-method-superposition
http://911review.org/WTC/con
crete-core.html
http://iisee.kenken.go.jp/quakes/kocaeli/index.htm

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Chp-6:Lecture Goals

at midspan for simple and continuous beams

Serviceability Load Deflections - Example

Serviceability Load Deflections - Example

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