ELECTRICAL HAZARDS

It occurs when a person makes a contact with a current carrying conductor and at the same time in contact with ground which result shock. People can be protected from this danger by insulating the conductor, insulating the people, or isolating the danger from the people.

CAUSES OF ELECTRICAL HAZARDS

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Shock circuit(in which the load has been by passed and current passed through human) is the causes of hazards contact with a bare wire carrying conductor electrical equipment that has not been properly grounded working with electrical equipment on damp floor or other sources of wetness using metal ladder to work on electrical equipment working on electrical equipment without ensuring that the power has been shut off
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ELECTROSTATIC HAZARDS
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These hazards causes minor shocks moving large sheets of plastics which may discharge spark The explosion of organic and metallic dust conveyer belts, depending upon there constituent material ,they can rub the materials being transported and causes static spark the electrical discharge rate increases with decreasing humidity ,so spark are often more during cold dry winter days

ARCS AND SPARKS HAZARDS An arc can jump the air gap between the conductors and ignite combustible gases or dust . COMBUSTIBLE AND EXPLOSIVE MATERIAL High current through contaminated liquid causes it to expand rapidly and explode e.g. contaminated oil filled circuit breaker or transformers. A poor match between current and capacitor can cause an explosion; overheating from high current can also lead to short circuit which causes explosion in the environment of explosive material.

IMPROPER WIRING
Jump of the ground wire
In this case the ground wire is actually connected to the neutral wire hazards occur when the neutral circuit become corroded or lose, the voltage on the ground wire increases to a dangerous level. OPEN GROUND WIRE To connect ground improperly is a common mistake, when short occurs anyone touching the equipment with no grounding may be severely shocked. REVERSE POLARITY Sometime the hot and neutral wire have been reversed so the new comer working over this machine will consider hot as a neutral, he could be injured.

INSULATION FAILURE

The degradation of insulation can cause a bare wire and resulting shock to anyone come in contact with it. Direct sunlight Spark from discharging state electricity Repeated exposure to elevated temperature Abrasive surfaces Insects chewing insulation material Moisture and humidity Dehydration or oxidation of insulating material

CAUSES OF INSULATION FAILURE

HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS FOR ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

Working on electrical equipment in the following environment can lead to injuries Flammable vapors and gases (hydrogen, acetylene, ethere,etc) Combustible dusts (metal dust, carbon dust ) Ignitable fiber (textile ,wood working)

DETECTION OF ELECTRICAL HAZARDS

CIRCUIT TESTER It test mostly 110-220 volt range, it ensure that power has been turned off before electrical maintenance begins. RECEPTABLE WIRING TESTOR It consist of two probes connected with a bulb/indicator show an improperly wired outlet. CONTINUITY TESTER

It used to determine whether a conductor is properly grounded or has a break in the circuit.
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REDUCING ELECTRICAL HAZARDS

GROUNDING

Ensure a path to the earth for the flow of excess current; its purpose is to safeguard people from electrical shocks Wet skin offer resistance of 10,000 ohms; dry skin 450 ohms

HUMIDIFICATION

ANTISTATIC MATERIALS

It either increases the surface conductivity of the charged material or absorbs moisture, which reduce resistance and tendency to accumulate charges
It consists of a metal wire that will melts if a current above the specific level is conducted through the metal.
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Fuses

MEGNETIC CIRCUIT BREAKER

Use a solenoid ,a type of coil, to surrounds a metal strip; when the current exceeded, the megnetic force of solenoid retracts the metal strip and openning the circuit.
DOUBLE INSULATION

It increases electrical safety.

INTERLOCK

It automatically break the circuit when unsafe situation is detected

WARNING DEVICES

To alert personnel about detected hazards may include lights,colored indicator, on/off blinker, audible signals, or label.

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