MINGGU 2 & 3

EKONOMI MAKRO
Pokok Bahasan: Perhitungan Pendapatan Nasional Tujuan Instruksional Khusus: Mahasiswa dapat mengerti dan perhitungan pendapatan nasional memahami

Referensi: Samuelson, Paul A. & William D. Nordhaus (2001), Economics, 17th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York USA.
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Penghitungan Pendapatan Nasional

(BAB 21)

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT:

The yardstick of economic performance; the most comprehensive measure of a nations total output of goods and services; total production of final goods and services

GDP = C + I + G + X M
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TWO MEASURE OF NATIONAL PRODUCT: Good Flow (a) and Earnings or Costs Flow (b)

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NOTES:
1. Equivalence of Good Flow and Earnings or Costs Flows? 2. The Problem of Double Counting (Example?) 3. Value Added Approach to avoid double counting (Example?) 4. Real versus Nominal GDP: Deflating GDP by a Price Index (Example?)
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GDP = C + I + G + X - M
1. CONSUMPTION (C):
Personal/Private Consumption Expenditure About 2/3 of the US Total GDP in recent years Three categories of consumption: durables, nondurables and services
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GDP = C + I + G + X - M
2. INVESTMENT AND CAPITAL FORMATION (I):
Investment consists of the additions to the nations capital stock of buildings, equipment, software, and inventories during a year

Investments represent additions to the stock of durable capital goods that increase production possibilities in the future Net Investment = Gross Investment - Depreciation
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GDP = C + I + G + X - M
3. GOVERNMENT (G):
Government expenditure consists of consumption-type and investment-type items Government transfer payments (to individuals that are not made in exchange for goods or services) are not included in the GDP! Why? Examples? How the government finances its spending? By taxing, by printing money or by borrowing.
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GDP = C + I + G + X - M
1. NET EXPORTS = Exports Import
Export = produced within boundaries of the nation, bought by foreigners and shipped abroad. Import = produced abroad, bought by the nations residents and shipped to the nation in consideration.
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Gross Domestic Product, Net Domestic Product and Gross National Product
GDP is the output produced with labor or capital located inside the nation. GNP is an alternative measure of national output; GNP is the total output produced with labor or capital owned by the nations residents. NDP = GDP Depreciation
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FROM GDP TO NATIONAL INCOME TO DISPOSIBLE INCOME:

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PRICE INDEX AND INFLATION

Price Index is a weighted average of the prices of a number of goods and services. Economists weight individual prices by the economic importance of each good. The most important indexes are the CPI, the GDP Deflator and the Producer Price Index. Examples? Rate of inflation at year t = [(P year t P year t-1)/P year t-1] x 100 When deflation occurs?
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ECONOMIC GROWTH
Economic growth is an increase in the total output of a nation over time. Economic growth is usually measured as the annual rate of increase in a nations real GDP Formula:
(Real GDP year t Real GDP year t-1) x100 Real GDP year t-1
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