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Understand the basic organization of the body and body fluids and what the relationship is to nutrients Understand the basic systems of the body and how nutrients are connected to these systems Compare the terms mechanical digestion and chemical digestion, and point out where these processes occur along the digestive tract. Trace the breakdown and absorption of carbohydrate, fat, and protein from the mouth to the colon. Explain how nutrients are transported and stored in the body. Know the key concepts and definitions.
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Tissues
Organs
Tissues are grouped together to form organs Several related organs working together comprise a body system
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Body Systems
Allow for exchange of materials necessary for life Body fluids supply tissues with energy, oxygen, and nutrients, including water
-Every cell draws oxygen and nutrients from those fluids -Every cell releases carbon dioxide and other waste products into the body fluids
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1) Blood The fluid of the cardiovascular system Blood travels within arteries, veins, and capillaries, as well as within the hearts chambers Composed of water, RBC. WBC, other foreign particles, nutrients, oxygen, etc. Delivers oxygen and nutrients, and removes wastes 2) Lymph The fluid that moves from the blood stream into tissue spaces and then travels in its own vessels Which eventually drain back into the bloodstream (Figure 3-4) Delivers nutrients and removes wastes
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Some returns to the blood by reentering capillaries The remaining fluid forms lymph
Intracellular fluid
Fluid inside cells Medium in which all cell reactions take place Its pressure helps the cells to hold their shape Is drawn from the extracellular fluid 9
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Also essential are healthy red blood cells -They carry oxygen to the cells -RBC turnover is 120 days RBC production requires many essential nutrients, therefore making the blood very sensitive to malnutrition (iron, B vitamins)
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For example, the pancreas is an organ that plays an important role in the regulation of blood sugar When the pancreas detects a high concentration of blood glucose it releases insulin (hormone)-which moves glucose into the cells
When the pancreas detects low blood sugar levels it secretes glucagon which stimulates the liver to release glucose into 12 the bloodstream 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
Hormonal systems, along with the nervous system, regulate hunger and affect appetite
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The Hormonal and Nervous Systems How Does the Nervous System Interact with Nutrition?
With the brain and spinal cord as central controllers, the nervous system receives and integrates information from sensory receptors all over the body
Which communicate to the brain the state of both the outer and inner worlds The nervous system also tells the muscles and glands what to do
Conscious thought Senses hunger and appetite but can override urge to eat
Hypothalmus-part of the brain which senses varying conditions of the blood such as temp, salt & glucose content
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When the brains cortex perceives hunger sensations you want to eat *Note: The conscious mind can override such signals!
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If an antigen penetrates the bodys barriers, the immune system rushes in to defend the body
The immune system consists of tissues and organs that defend the body against antigens
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The Immune System One in every hundred human body cells is a WBC White Blood Cells of interest include:
1)Phagocytes- act as scavenger cells traveling throughout the body; act like pac man to engulf the invader 2)Lymphocytes (T cells and B cells)
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The T-cell is releasing toxic chemicals that punch holes in the cancer cell surface
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Absorb
The movement of nutrients into intestinal cells after digestion
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The stomach holds food and mashes it into a fine paste Slowly food is squeezed to lower portion The stomach and intestines add water to the paste so that it becomes more fluid as it moves along (Chyme) At the base of the esophagus is a sphincter muscle -This muscle prevents reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus
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-Protein digestion begins in the stomach and is the stomachs main function
The stomach releases gastric juice which is a mixture of water, enzymes and acid
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The acid breaks down proteins into smaller strands and then smaller pieces for digestion
The digestive tract is protected from the acid by mucus
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-Small chemical fragments are then absorbed into blood and lymph via the cells of the small intestines wall
Vitamins and minerals are also absorbed
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Most fiber is not absorbed and, along with other components, is excreted as feces
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Villi and microvilli increase the absorbing surface of the small intestine.
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Storage Systems
Bodys major storage sites for nutrients are: Liver Muscles Fat cells Nutrients from the digestive system arrive at the liver Liver processes nutrients
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When I Eat More Than My Body Needs, What Happens to the Extra Nutrients?
Excess nutrients are converted to:
1)Glycogen (a carbohydrate)Stored as liver glycogen or muscle glycogen
2)Fat-Stored in adipose tissue
Conclusion
Other body systems:
Bones Muscles Reproductive Etc. All body systems have to be supplied with nutrients from the outside through a humans conscious food choices!
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Moderation
No more than 1 drink a day for the average woman No more than 2 drinks a day for the average male Tolerance differs among individuals
Women have lower tolerance than men Asians and Native Americans have lower tolerance than average
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Binge Drinking
At least four drinks in a row for women and five drinks in a row for men
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What Is Alcohol?
Class of chemicals whose names end in -ol Alcohols easily penetrate the cells outer lipid membrane Denature proteins and kill cells once inside them Useful disinfectants and antiseptics The alcohol of alcoholic beverages is ethanol
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What Is A Drink?
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Diuretic effect Depresses brains production of antidiuretic hormone Water and minerals are lost 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
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The Hangover
Caused by: 1)toxic effects of congeners that accompany alcohol in drinks 2)dehydration of the brain 3)formaldehyde accumulation in the brain
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