PART III Experimental Methods

1. 2. 3. 4.

The rate of reaction cannot be measures directly. It can only determined from concentration and time data.
Volume of gas evolved (refer to kinetic note: KINETIC.pptx) Mass change Colorimetry Titrimetric analysis

3. Colorimetry
1. Use colour changes to measure reaction rate range by using a spectrophotometer. 2. The amount of light of a particular frequency that is absorbed depends on the concentration of the coloured substance.

Example: Reaction between bromine and methanoic acid.

red-brown Br2 (aq) + HCOOH (aq) 2Br- (aq) + 2H+ (aq) + CO2 (g)

time

393 nm light

Detector

D[Br2] a D Absorption

rate a [Br2] rate = k [Br2] k= rate [Br2]

= rate constant

4. Titrimetric analysis
Measure out samples of reactants with known concentration

Mix them together , start a clock and stir the mixture thoroughly

The reaction is then quenched to prevent further reaction from taking place by : At regular time intervals, withdraw samples using a pipette and 1. rapid cooling in ice, or quench (stop) the reaction 2. diluting with cold water, thus lowering the reaction temperature of the reactants

The quenched solution is then titrated against a suitable standard solution.

4. Titrimetric analysis REACTION OF IODINE WITH PROPANE Iodine and propanone react, in the presence of acid, in a substitution reaction to form iodopropanone:

 Example: Reaction of bromine and propanone (Refer George Facers book page 4)

1.
2. 3.

25ml propanone+25ml dilute sulphuric acid and mix with 25ml iodine and start a clock. The samples are run into excess sodium hydrogencarbonate to quench (stop) the reaction. By titrating with sodium thiosulfate the concentration of iodine in the reacting mixture can be measured.

Methods for Measuring Rates of Reaction

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IODINE CLOCK REACTION

(time for reaction to finish) 1. The reactants are mixed and the time taken to produce a fixed amount of product is measured.

2. The time t, is measured from mixing until the first formation of the blue colour.
3. The rate of reaction is proportional to 1/t.

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4. When all the sodium thiosulfate is used up, a blue colour is suddenly formed because the iodine forms a complex with the starch that has been added. 5. In this reaction, step 2 has no effect on the overall rate-it is much faster than step 1. 6. Step 1 is the rate-determining step. 7. Increasing concentration of H+, iodide or hydrogen peroxide will shorten the time. Rate=1/time