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  • Metrology Basic

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    gunawan refiadi
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    Metrology is the science of measurement and establishes international standards for units like the meter, kilogram, and second. These standards are essential for science and technology. Government labs around the world maintain primary standards and the SI system of units defines the seven base units. Realizing the definitions of units precisely, especially for mass and temperature, remains an ongoing challenge that new technologies try to address through techniques like noise thermometry.

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    Metrology Basic

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    Metrology is the science of measurement and establishes international standards for units like the meter, kilogram, and second. These standards are essential for science and technology. Government labs around the world maintain primary standards and the SI system of units defines the seven base units. Realizing the definitions of units precisely, especially for mass and temperature, remains an ongoing challenge that new technologies try to address through techniques like noise thermometry.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    Sinalizar o conteúdo como inadequado
    88 visualizações19 páginas

    Metrology Basic

    Enviado por

    gunawan refiadi
    Metrology is the science of measurement and establishes international standards for units like the meter, kilogram, and second. These standards are essential for science and technology. Government labs around the world maintain primary standards and the SI system of units defines the seven base units. Realizing the definitions of units precisely, especially for mass and temperature, remains an ongoing challenge that new technologies try to address through techniques like noise thermometry.

    Direitos autorais:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Baixe no formato PPT, PDF, TXT ou leia online no Scribd
    Sinalizar o conteúdo como inadequado
    de 19

    Metrology: The fabric of science and technology

    Lafe Spietz TMA class of 1990

    What is metrology?
    The science of measurement (not weather!)
    Metrology establishes the international standards for measurement used by all countries in the world in both science and industry Examples: distance, time, mass, temperature, voltage, values of physical and chemical constants

    Why is metrology important and interesting?


    Standard units and values of constants needed for all science

    Technological standards make all technology work better and can save lives: fire hydrant standards Measurement of constants can give fundamental insights into the universe: drift of fine structure constant

    Who does metrology?

    Government labs around the world.

    From Article I, section 8 of the U.S Constitution: The Congress shall have Power To fix the Standard of Weights and Measures;

    SI: The International System of Units


    Seven base units: Length: meter (m) Mass: kilogram (kg) Time: second (s) Electric current: ampere (A) Thermodynamic temperature: kelvin (K) Amount of substance: mole (mol) Luminous intensity: candela (cd) Lots of derived units: Area: m2 Speed: m/s Force: 1 newton = 1 kgm/s2

    Voltage: 1 volt = 1 m2kg/s3A


    Frequency: 1 hertz = 1/s Power: 1 watt = 1 kgm2/s3

    Electric Charge: 1 C = 1 As

    Hierarchy of units: Kings and queens of units: Time, frequency, distance Dukes and Earls: Current, voltage, resistance

    Peasants: Mass, temperature, pressure, luminosity

    Clocks: Atomic time


    One part per quadrillion accuracy!!!

    Accurate frequency gives accurate distance and time.

    Artifact vs. quantum standards:

    A metal bar: 1889-1960

    The modern meter:


    The meter is the length of the path traveled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second

    The story of mass I: the modern kilogram


    The SI kilogram drifts!

    http://www.bipm.fr

    The story of mass II: possible replacements


    Goal: 10 parts per billion accuracy

    Avogadros number Measurement: Roundest object in the world!

    Watt-balance

    Temperature: Kelvin, Celsius, and Fahrenheit

    21 C 0C -196 C

    70 F 32 F -321 F

    294 K 273.15 K 77 K

    Room temperature Water freezes Air liquefies

    -269 C

    -452 F

    4.2 K

    Helium liquefies

    -273.15 C -459.67 F

    0K

    Absolute zero

    The kelvin: the SI unit


    The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water.

    (0.006 atm)

    ITS-90: the practical realization of the kelvin


    PV=NkBT

    Platinum resistance standard Not primary!!!

    Constant volume gas thermometer

    PLTS-2000: the low temperature definition of the kelvin


    Not primary, and very hard!!

    Helium-3 melting pressure thermometer

    Superconducting fixed points

    Electrical noise and temperature: The basic idea

    All resistors make electrical noise proportional to temperature: hissing of a radio

    Electrical noise and temperature: applications of noise thermometry

    By measuring the electrical noise of antennas pointed towards space, astronomers can measure the background temperature of the universe!
    (images courtesy ofNASA/WMAP Science Team)

    Why noise thermometry is hard:


    Amplifiers add noise, and have complex behavior

    Must be calibrated accurately to measure temperature accurately

    The Shot Noise Thermometer


    P

    {
    2kBT / e

    Relates temperature to voltage, Simplifying amplifier calibration.

    The Shot Noise Thermometer:


    A new practical low temperature thermometer
    Copper Tubing for DC lines Copper Plumbing parts

    SMA Connectors for RF Built-in Bias Tee (on-board SMT Components)

    Tunnel Junction

    Total cost of package <10$

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