Made By: YASH SHAH yash6595@yahoo.

com 120110116038

Outline of the presentation

Background: Facts about India Women in Modern Times

Education Employment

Empowerment

Famous Faces Indian Women Action Conclusion

DEFINITION

Any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women and girls, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivations of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life.

Violence against women and girls is on the increase.

More violent forms, such as femicide, acid attacks, ritual rapes and murders, gang rapes, abductions, defilement and forced early marriages, Military sexual slavery, rape as a weapon of war, trafficking in women and girls and ill-treatment of widows have become more widespread.

WOMEN IN MORDEN TIMES

Education
Gender gaps in higher education About 1 percent of total women population has college education Women account for a third of the students at college/university level In engineering and business, the proportion of female students is much smaller In education, nearly half of the students are women

Barriers to Female Education

Poverty: one-fourth of Indias population

lives below the poverty line (2002) Social values and parental preferences Inadequate school facilities Shortage of female teachers: 29 percent at the primary level and 22 percent at the university level (1993) Gender bias in curriculum

Employment
Difficult to get an overall picture of employment

among women
Most women work in the informal sector

Women accounted for only 23 percent of the

total workers in the formal sector in 1991 The number of female workers has increased faster than the number of male workers Female unemployment rates are similar to male unemployment rates

Barriers to Female Employment

Cultural Restrictions
Hierarchical society (caste system) Purdah system: the veiling and seclusion of women

Discrimination at Workplace
More prevalent in fields where male competition is high Less prevalent in fields where competition is low

Lack of employment opportunities

Empowerment Social Empowerment

Education There is no direct relationship between education and work force participation; but may affect their participation in household decision making Economic Independence: Economic independence does not imply significant improvement in social standing Culture and tradition play an important role A small fraction has opened up towards Western values

Economic Empowerment
Property Rights Patriarchal society Economic Decision Making In the household In businesses

Political Empowerment
Representation in democratic institutions Government reservations policy for women:

the constitutional amendment of 1990s

Famous Faces

Indira Gandhi Mother Teresa Mira Nair Kalpana Chawla Gurinder Chadha Arundhati Roy Jhumpa Lahiri Aishwarya Rai Sushmita Sen

Holistic approach to Empowerment

Health & Nut. Education Asset base Skills Marketing Technology Credit Water & San. Political Participation

Action Areas
Women availing services of public utilities like road transport, power, water and sanitation, telecommunication etc. Training of women as highly skilled workerstop end skills Research/Technology for women Women in the work force Asset ownership by women Women as Entrepreneurs

Implementation of Laws like

Equal remuneration Minimum Wages Factories Act

Infrastructure for women like

Water and sanitation at workplace Creches Working Women Hostels Transport services Security

To Conclude

It is more important to create a general awareness and understanding of the problems of womens employment in all the top policy and decision making and executive personnel. There is also the special problem facing women like the preference for male children for social and cultural reasons. This will require awareness, understanding and action. The best way to do so is to educate the children, orient the teachers, examine the text books and teaching-aids and ensure that the next generation grows up with new thinking.

Thank You