2 LAYERED TASKS

LAYERED TASK

NETWORK MODELS

We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As an example, let us consider two friends who communicate through postal mail. The process of sending a letter to a friend would be complex if there were no services available from the post office.

2.1

2-1 LAYERED TASKS

Figure 2.1
2.2

Tasks involved in sending a letter

2-2 THE OSI MODEL

1. Established in 1947, the International Standards Organization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to worldwide agreement on international standards. 2. An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network communications is the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It was first introduced in the late 1970s. 3. ISO is the organization. OSI is the model. 4. Topics to be covered:
1. Layered Architecture 2. Peer-to-Peer Processes 3. Encapsulation
2.3

Figure 2.2 Seven layers of the OSI model

2.4

2-2 THE OSI MODEL

Why use a layered approach ?

Data communications requires complex procedures Sender identifies data path/receiver Systems negotiate preparedness Applications negotiate preparedness Translation of file formats For all tasks to occur, a high level of cooperation is required Provide framework to implement multiple specific protocols per layer

2.5

2-2 THE OSI MODEL

Advantages of Layering

Easier application development Network can change without all programs being modified Breaks complex tasks into subtasks Each layer handles a specific subset of tasks between different layers on the same node or stack (INTERFACES) vertical communications between similar layers on different nodes or stacks (PEER-TO-PEER PROCESSES) horizontal communications

Communication occurs

2.6

Figure 2.3 The interaction between layers in the OSI model

User support layers

Network support layers

2.7

Figure :

2.8

Figure 2.4 An exchange using the OSI model

2.9

2-3 LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL

Figure 2.5 Physical layer

The physical layer is responsible for movements of individual bits from one hop (node) to the next. 2.10

Function of The Physical layer

H/W Specifications

Physical representation of Interfaces & media - Fibre / CAT etc Representation of bits Data rate Transmission Rate

Encoding and Signalling

Data Transmission and Reception

Synchronization of bits Clock thing Line configuration Point to Point / Multi etc / shared or dedicated Topology and N/W Design

2.11

Figure 2.6 Data link layer

The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop (node) to the next.

2.12

Function of The Data link layer

Framing Physical addressing Acknowledgement Sequence Numbering Flow control Error control Retransmission Access control

2.13

Figure 2.7 Hop-to-hop delivery

2.14

Figure 2.8 Network layer

The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the source host to the destination host.

2.15

Function of The Network layer

Logical addressing Internetworking Routing

2.16

Figure 2.9 Source-to-destination delivery

2.17

Figure 2.10 Transport layer

The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a message from one process to another.

2.18

Function of The Transport layer

Service point addressing Segmentation & reassembly Connection control Flow control Error control

2.19

Figure 2.11 Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

2.20

Figure 2.12 Session layer

The session layer is responsible for dialog control and synchronization.

2.21

Function of The Session layer

Dialog control Synchronization

2.22

Figure 2.13 Presentation layer

The presentation layer is responsible for translation, compression, and encryption.

2.23

Function of The Presentation layer

Translation Encryption Compression

2.24

2.25

Figure 2.14 Application layer

The application layer is responsible for providing services to the user.

2.26

Function of The Application layer

Network virtual terminal File transfer, access management (FTAM) Mail services Directory services

2.27

Figure 2.15 Summary of layers

2.28

Comparison of the OSI & TCP reference Models

The OSI has seven layers while TCP/IP has five layers. The OSI supports both connectionless and connectionoriented communication in the network layer but only connection-oriented in the transport layer which is visible to the user. TCP/IP supports only connectionless services on the network layer but gives options in the transport layer for both connectionless and connectionoriented services. The later option is a very important and useful factor.
Network layer OSI TCP/IP C.O. & C.L C.O.
Transport layer

C.O. C.O. & C.L

2.29

Comparison of the OSI & TCP reference Models

The OSI reference model was devised before the protocols were invented while The TCP/IP the reverse was true: the protocol came first, and the model was really just a description of the existing protocols. Three concepts are central to the OSI model: 1.Services 2. Interfaces 3. Protocols The service define what the layer does, not how entities above it access it or how the layer works. The Interface tells the process above it how to access it. The Protocols used in the layer are the layers own business. It can use any protocols it wants to , as long as it gets the job done. It can also change them at will without affecting software in higher layers. While The TCP/IP model did not originally clearly distinguish between services, interfaces and protocols. The protocols in the OSI model are better hidden than in the TCP/IP model and can be replaced relatively easily as the technology changes.

2.30

2-4 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

1. The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly match those in the OSI model. The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as having four layers: host-to-network, internet, transport, and application. 2. However, when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers: physical, data link, network, transport, and application. 3. Topics covered:
1. 2. 3. 4. Physical and Data Link Layers Network Layer Transport Layer Application Layer

2.31

Figure 2.16 TCP/IP and OSI model

2.32

2-5 ADDRESSING
Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing the TCP/IP protocols: physical, logical, port, and specific.

Topics discussed in this section:

Figure 2.17 Addresses in TCP/IP

2.33

Figure 2.18 Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP

2.34

Figure 2.19 Physical addresses

1. A node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a node with physical address 87. The two nodes are connected by a link (bus topology LAN). 2. The computer with physical address 10 is the sender, and the computer with physical address 87 is the receiver. 3. In most data link protocols, the destination address 2.35 (87) comes before the source address (10).

Most local-area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical address written as 12 hexadecimal digits; every byte (2 hexadecimal digits) is separated by a colon.

07:01:02:01:2C:4B
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.

2.36

Figure 2.20 IP addresses

2.37

Figure 2.21 Port addresses

Read k in place of a

2.38