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Affixes
An
prefixes
infixes
suffixes
Prefixes
Small
Meanings
adverbials
antifreeze circumvent -
devitalize disagreeable -
insecure imperfect illegible irreverent inspire imbibe intervene intramural obstruct oppose
prewar postwar -
unlikely undress
Infixes
No
infixes in English, but few exceptions un get at able ungetatable rely on able reliable account for able accountable
e.g.
Suffixes
Can
be more than one (max. four) nasalize seizure rainy nails studied normalizers
e.g.
Exercise 8-9, p. 94
How many suffixes does each word contain?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
organists = personalities = flirtatiously = atomizers = friendliest = contradictorily = trusteeship = greasier = countrified = responsibilities =
Exercise 8-10, p. 95
Make each group of morphemes into a word.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
-ed, live, -en = -ing, -ate, termin = -er, -s, mor, -al, -ize = provinc, -s, -ism, -ial = -ly, -some, grue = -ity, work, -able = in, -most, -er = marry, -age, -ity, -abil = -dom, -ster, gang = -ly, -ion, -ate, affect =
SUFFIXES
1. 2. 3.
4.
Derivational Suffixes
Characteristics of derivational suffixes: 1. Arbitrary combination e.g. move movement, movity 2. Change of part of speech e.g. move+ment = movement V + ment = N move+able = moveable V +able = adjective
Exercises
Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise
8 8 8 8
p. p. p. p.
97 98 99 99
Inflectional Suffixes
Inflectional suffixes are attached to stem. The stem includes the base/bases and all the derivational affixes. e.g. seagulls seagull + s magnified magnify + ed personalizes personalize + s
Name
noun plural noun singular possessive noun plural possessive present participle past tense past participle comparative superlative
Examples
cats, flowers girls, fathers girls, womens eating, raining steamed, studied, ate steamed, studied, eaten weaker, cleverer weakest, cleverest
mouse mice
goose geese foot feet man men woman women
past
e.g.
They do not change the part of speech. e.g. apple, apples ( nouns) wait, waits, waited ( verbs) happy, happier, happiest ( adjectives)
2. They come last in a word when they are present. e.g. worked, industries, driving
Exercises
Exercise 8 11, p. 96
Suffixal Homophones
Some suffixes, inflectional and derivational, have homophonous forms.
Derivational suffix {-ER n} agent, that which is related to Verb ER N (hunter, fisher, etc) Nonverbal stem ER N (new Yorker, etc) Meaning: agent, that which is related to
Derivational suffix {-ER rp} repetition e.g. mutter, flicker, glitter, etc.
Nominal derivational {-ING nm} e.g. Meetings, weddings, readings, etc. - He attended a meeting yesterday.
Verbal inflectional suffix {-ING vb}
Adjectival derivational {-ING aj} e.g. interesting, tiring, etc. - Its a tiring day.
How to distinguish the verbal {-ING vb} from the adjectival {-ING aj}?
The verbal {-ING vb} can usually occur after and before the noun it modifies.
e.g. He saw a burning house. He saw a house burning. cannot occur after seems e.g. He seems driving. meaning?
The adjectival {-ING aj} can be preceded by a qualifier (very, rather, quite, comparative and superlative words more and most)
e.g. Its a very tiring day. this is a more exciting experience. can occur after seems e.g. That film seems interesting.
be modified by Can be modified by qualifiers qualifiers (very, rather, quite, (very, rather, quite, most, most, more) more) e.g. The very studied hard student passed the exam occur after seem/s e.g. He seems studied.
Can
e.g. She is a rather devoted Buddhist. occur after seem/s e.g. He seems tired.
Can
Some adjectives do not take the form, e.g. big, small, little, tall, fast, long, etc.
An adjectival morpheme is added to: 1. Monosyllabic nouns to form adjectives that are inflected with er, -est. e.g. love lovely friend friendly man manly
2. Nouns to form adjectives that are not inflected with er, -est. e.g. king kingly beast beastly scholar scholarly mother - motherly leisure - leisurely
3. A few adjectives, giving alternate adjectival forms that are inflected with er, -est e.g. dead deadly live lively kind kindly sick sickly
The adjective {-LY aj} kindly and lively are homophonous with the adverbs {-LY av} kindly and lively. e.g. Mr. Diding spoke kindly to the students. Mr. diding is a kindly teacher.
4. a short list of time nouns to form adjectives e.g. day daily week - weekly hour hourly month monthly year yearly
These are not inflected with er, -est, and some of them undergo functional shift to become nouns e.g. I subscribe to three weeklies and two dailies.
are
Suffix -e -enne -ess -etta -ette -euse -ina -ine -ster -stress -ix
Masculine fiance comedian patron Henry usher masseur George hero spinner seamster aviator
Feminine fiancee comedienne patroness Henrietta usherette masseuse Georgina heroine spinster seamstress aviatrix
Notes:
-ess the most productive -stress dead, no longer used in word formartion -enne and -euse borrowed from French -e borrowed from French, written only -ster no longer a feminizing suffix, indication of any person male or female: gangster, youngster, prankster, etc
use
English
has 50 pairs of words with separate forms for the masculine and feminine.
e.g. bull cow uncle aunt gander goose father mother, etc.
Diminutive suffixes are morphemes that convey a meaning of smallness or endearment or both. suffix examples auntie, Betty, sweetie, Willy dinette, towellete, kitchenette babykins duckling, darling circlet booklet, starlet
The vowels of the diminutive suffixes are the front vowels: /i/, / /, and / /.
-ie, -i, -y
highly
productive. attached to one-syllable first name to suggest endearment and intimacy, or smallness. e.g. Johnny, Jacky, Mikey attaced to common nouns, sometimes indicating a diminutive notion about a participant in a discourse more than about the person or thing being referred to. e.g. doggie, mommy, nanny, birdie, sweetie
-ette
productive indicates
smallness
e.g. dinnete small dining area roomette small room kitchenette small kitchen
unproductive rarely
added to new nouns in some words, the meaning of the diminutive suffix has faded away to little/no significance. e.g. cabinet, toilet
In addition to the six diminutives, many others have come into English as a part of borrowed words. They are diminutives in their own parent language but nonmorphemic in English.
e.g. mosquito bambino armadillo peccadillo flotilla Priscilla cookie colonel citadel novel panel morsel damsel scalpel satchel muscle particle pupil violin violoncello puppet Venezuela quartet bulletin falsetto stiletto Maureen lochan formula capsule calculus
Most
of the borrowed diminutives contain the vowels /i/, /I/, and // although the vowels have often been reduced to // in English because of lack of stress.
All
Allomorphs
A
morpheme may have more than one phonemic form. e.g. morpheme {-D pt} - /t/ passed, asked (voiceless consonant) other than /t/ - /d/ needed, departed (alveolar stop) - /d/ seemed, begged (voiced sound)
The
The pattern of occurrence of related forms in which each form occupies its own territory and does not trespass on another domain is called complementary distribution. When the related forms of a set have the same meaning and are in complementary distribution, they are called allomorphs/positional variants and belong to the same morpheme. Thus, the morpheme {-D pt} has 3 allomorphs, i.e. /d/, /-t/, and /-d/
formula: {-D pt} = /-d/ ~ /-t/ ~ /-d/
Thus,
it is really not the morpheme but the allomorph that is free or bound.
e.g. the morpheme {louse} 2 allomorphs /laws/ free allomorph, singular noun /lawz-/ bound allomorph in the adjective lousy
morpheme {-D pt} (-d ~ -t ~ -d) morpheme {-s pl} (-z ~ -z ~ -s) the phonological environment determines which allomorph is used, it can be said that the selection of allomorphs is phonologically conditioned.
When
Complementary
distribution because they stay in own territory, associate only with specific words, and do not overlap with (-z ~ -z ~ -s) positions. position has nothing to do with their phonological environment.
the plural noun is determined by the specific morpheme (e.g. n, ) and the environment that requires a certain allomorph is only by identifying specific morpheme, the selection of allomorph is called morphologically conditioned.
The
When
Replacive Allomorphs
morpheme {-D pt} (-d ~ -t ~ -d) addition of morpheme but sing - sang sung?
There is a replacement of the /i/ of sing by the /e/ or // of sang to signal past tense. symbol: /s/ = /si/ + /I > / Thus, /I > / is another allomorph of {-D pt}
Sometimes,
Homophones
Words that sound alike but differ in meaning. (in morphology such words are of different morphemes)
e.g. Do you like the meet? (track meet) do you like the meat? (roast beef)
The same is true of bound forms: Verbal inflectional suffix Noun plural inflectional suffix Noun possessive inflectional suffix It feels good. /-z/
Phonesthemes
Speech
At the beginning of words, a number of consonant clusters appear to have phonesthematic value, i.e. /gl-/ = light e.g. glitter, glow, glare, glint, gleam, glisten, glaze fl-/ = moving light e.g. flame, flash, flare, flicker /sp-/ = point e.g. spire, spark, spout, spot, spade /sl-/ = movement e.g slide, slink, slosh, slither, slouch, slump
At the end of one-syllable words, the voiceless stops /p/, /t/ and /k/ are expressions of an abrupt stoppage of movement. e.g. slap, pat, flick, tap, hit, crack
a final voiceless fricative // suggests an unabrupt stoppage of movement e.g. mash, squash clap clash bat bash smack smash crack - crash
At the ends of two-syllabe words, the phonesthemes /-l/ and /-r/ have the meaning of repetition. (auditory/visual)
Examples:
/-r/ chatter, clatter, gibber, patter, sputter, mutter, jabber, twitter, litter, shatter, flutter, shimmer, stammer
/-l/ babble, giggle, twinkle, waggle, freckle, dribble, juggle, crackle, chuckle, rattle, sparkle, stipple, prattle, wriggle, drizzle
A speech sound is a phonesteme only when its imputed sense is related to the sense of the word of which it is a part.
Immediate Constituents
morphemes
constructing a word
friend
-ly
empowerment
empower
-ment
em-
power
item ize d
dis en throne
ice land ic
super natur al
fest iv al
en gag ing
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6.
7. 8. 9. 10.
accusation globalization intermediation complementary inabilities stabilizers endangerment applicability elasticity profitability