3 Personal Protective Equipment PPE

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
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The 5 Golden Rules

1. Before using any crop protection product, always read its label and make sure you understand all safety needs
2.
Handle crop protection products carefully at all times to avoid contact or contamination
Maintain sprayers well, fixing, for example, any leaks before starting an application. Practice good personal hygiene
3.
4.
5.
Use appropriate protective clothing as last line of defence and not to become careless and increase exposure risks.
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Avoiding exposure risks

Reduce potential contamination through the adoption of good working practices:
Always fix leaking sprayers before use. Use nozzles that produce largest drop size advised by label. (Equipment that produce finer droplets are more likely to cause contamination) Higher water volume rates are inherently safer than those more concentrated. Use within label stated ranges. Use spraying equipment that meets the FAO recommended specifications. Always direct the spraying nozzle downwind.
Avoid spraying in very windy conditions.

Avoid walking through vegetation that has just been sprayed. Immediately wash any splashes of undiluted product from the skin and eyes.
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Exposure Studies
Most operator contamination is likely during the mixing process and if using leaking application equipment. Most contamination during spraying was on the hands, due to leaking trigger assemblies.
Study of Malathion use in greenhouse tomatoes K. MACHERA1, M. GOUMENOU, E. KAPETANAKIS, A. KALAMARAKIS and C. R. GLASS Pesticide Outlook 2002 edited Professor G Matthews
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Exposure Studies cont.
Product absorption rates through bare skin of operators will vary with location on body and the condition of the skin. Scratches and sores absorb more product than unbroken skin. Studies identify not just how much exposure is likely but where, too.
Location on body Forearm Palm of hands Ball of foot Abdomen Scalp Forehead Ear canal Genitalia
Relative absorption through bare skin: % 8.6 11.8 13.5 18.4 32.1 36.3 46.5 100
Source: University of Florida IFAS Extension In general - where skin is thinner and where that area has major blood supplies then the greater the rate of absorption.
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PPE: Label Information
Every product label will identify the protective equipment requirements for both measuring/mixing as well as for application. This information is shown as pictograms to help total understanding by all product users, and is grouped into the following activities.
Mixing liquids
Mixing solids
Application
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PPE: Use of pictograms that help ensure product safety

Use gloves Use face visor Wash hands Use apron
Use boots
Use dust mask
Use respirator
Use coverall
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Note: Gloves and boots are tucked into coveralls

Pictogram for an example of a WHO Class II product (moderately hazardous)

Keep Locked away
Use long sleeved shirt and long trousers wear gloves Use face shield Wear boots Wear boots Wear long Wash after use When sleeved shirt and spraying long trousers
When handling concentrate
Harmful
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PPE can vary with products and their use

Lower risk of exposure
Medium risk of exposure
Higher risk of exposure
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PPE Storage and maintenance
Always store protective equipment separately from crop protection products. Wash gloves, aprons, boots and face shields after use. Wash spray clothing separately from domestic washing. Change respirator filters following the manufacturers guidelines.
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PPE: Typical key items

Spraying diluted product solutions: Boots or non permeable footwear Coverall, 2 piece suit or long sleeved shirt & long trousers Broad brimmed hat For preparing undiluted products also use: Gloves: Nitrile gloves give best protection Face shield or goggles Apron Respirator - needed for volatile products or as shown on the label PPE required by local legislation will be shown on the label
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PPE: Self made equipment

If commercially made gloves, visors or aprons are not available then, at least:
Use plastic bags to replace gloves. Use these once. Dispose following best practice. Apron can be made out of a heavy duty plastic sack. Visor can be made out of an empty clear plastic drinks bottle and string.
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Standard (minimal) PPE for body protection when spraying diluted products Order of preference from least to preferred:
Work Clothes consisting of long sleeved shirt and long trousers or Work Clothes as above but used only for pesticide application or 2 piece suit specifically designed for use as PPE or Coverall specifically designed for use as PPE
Least
Better
Preferred
Preferred
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PPE: Further safety considerations when mixing & loading

Standard PPE =
Normal Work Clothes (long sleeved shirt, long trousers) + Boots + Gloves + Eye Protection (goggles or face shield) + Dust mask (dry formulations only)
Standard PPE + extra protection =

+ Coverall (double layer) + Apron + Respiratory protection
Factors reducing risks: Formulation type
Water soluble bags Low acute tox/irritation Closed transfer system Small quantities handled
Factors increasing risks: High acute toxicity/irritation Solvent based formulations High vapour pressure Poor equipment choice/use Inappropriate container size/type
Always read label and follow label recommendations

PPE: Safety considerations when spraying

Standard PPE =
Normal Work Clothes (Long sleeved shirt, long trousers) + Boots
Standard PPE + Extra protection

+/- Coverall (Double layer) +/- Poncho (Partial double layer) +/- Gloves +/- Broad brimmed hat +/- Eye protection +/- Respiratory protection
Factors reducing risks:

Tractor mounted sprayer Well maintained knapsack sprayer Knapsack spraying with nozzle below waist height Tractor with cab Small area to treat Spot treatment Bare soil treatment
Factors increasing risks:

Leaking knapsack Spraying with nozzle above head height High crops (tree crops, cotton,...) Spray gun use in tree crops overhead Glasshouse [confined] crops Frequent, long term, users who are inadequately trained Product characteristics (e.g. High dermal absorption, volatility,...)
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Always read label and follow label recommendations www.stewardshipcommunity.com
PPE: Tractor mounted, trailed and self-propelled sprayers
Care should be taken to avoid contamination of the driving cab. Take off potentially contaminated clothing and equipment before getting in the cab. The sprayer should be fitted with compartments to seperately store contaminated and non contaminated clothing and equipment. Modern sprayers are normally fitted with a clean water supply to permit washing of gloves and hands.
Note also: Sprayers often fitted with low level induction bowls for product loading safety. Sprayers often have remote controls such as on/off, hydraulic lift and fold in part to reduce operator expposure. Nozzles often bayonet fitted to multi holder systems to reduce exposure time when making changes to them.
PPE requirements may be different for knapsack sprayer operators!
PPE: Mixing and loading

Boots (non absorbent shoes) Coverall or 2 piece suit or longsleeved shirt & long trousers Gloves Face shield/goggles Face mask when handling dusts Apron Must Must Must Must Must Recommended
Remember
During mixing and loading, your hands are at highest risk for contamination Always follow label recommendations
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PPE: Spraying field and row crops

Spraying field crops with nozzle up to waist height: Boots Coverall, 2 piece suit or long sleeved shirt & long trousers Spraying row and field crops with nozzle above waist height: Boots Coverall, 2 piece suit or long sleeved shirt & long trousers Broad brimmed hat Eye protection
Remember
Most common route of exposure is through the skin Always follow label recommendations
PPE: Cleaning spray equipment

Boots Coverall, 2 piece suit or long sleeved shirt & long trousers Gloves Face shield or goggles
Remember
Clean equipment preferably in an unsprayed area of the field just treated Make sure that streams and water courses are not contaminated Never pour pesticides or washings into sewers, drains, ditches or rivers Always follow label recommendations
PPE: Properties of gloves
Gloves made of nitrile, rubber or Neoprene are suited for most crop protection products. Natural rubber gloves do not provide sufficient protection. When used with solvents such as those in emulsifiable concentrates (ECs) they become damaged. Leather, or any other absorbent, gloves are not suitable
Remember
Gloves must be worn at mixing and loading or applying granules by hand Always wash gloves before taking them off Replace gloves regularly
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PPE: Properties of coveralls / suits
Two (2) piece suits, e.g. long-sleeved shirt and long trousers are generally more comfortable than coveralls in tropical agricultural use conditions Use suits which allow easy movement and good air circulation Ensure pockets have cover flaps to avoid spray drops/liquid entering and accumulating Buttons or zips must be covered by flaps Sleeves and legs should have adjustable closures continued.
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PPE: Properties of coveralls / suits cont.
The textile used should be air permeable Cotton or polyester/cotton blends are appropriate for most conditions of use The heavier the fabric, the better inherent protection properties For woven fabrics, twills are preferable to plain weave Stitches should be firm and dense to avoid penetration of spray drops/liquids ..continued
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PPE: Properties of coveralls / suits cont.
Wash coverall / 2 piece suit regularly, separate from family washing Strictly follow washing instructions of the manufacturer to maintain protection properties Limited use PPE must be replaced regularly as indicated by the manufacturer
Note: Exposed, unprotected skin poses highest risk when applying crop protecting chemicals Using safe knapsack sprayers after loading the product then the lower parts of the body [arms, legs, chest and abdomen] present the highest potential for exposure
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PPE: Respirators and dust masks
Always wash gloves and hands before removing dust masks and respirators. Make sure you select the appropriate respiratory protector to meet any hazards described on the products label. Several recognised standards govern respiratory protectors:
The outer packaging should describe the designed uses. Respirators fitted with replaceable filter canisters. Check that the fitted filters are suitable. Change dust masks and filters in line with the manufacturers specifications or sooner or if the item becomes contaminated
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Removal of PPE
When removing PPE when wearing gloves, always wash the gloves before starting. Remove all articles of PPE before finally removing the gloves.
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Further reading
http://www.croplife.org/library/attachments/eeb6a978-fff5-4ff2-bd75dd8b8068f123/6/Guidelines-for-personal-protection-when-using-crop-protectionproducts-in-hot-climates%20-Oct-2004.pdf http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/PI008 http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/ageng/safety/ae1107w.htm#respiratory http://www.protectepi.com.br/_ing/ http://annhyg.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/47/1/61
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Trainer notes
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Have examples of PPE to demonstrate. Have examples of product labels with contrasting PPE needs. Demonstrate removing gloves without contaminating the skin. Demonstrate the manufacture of a face shield from a PET bottle. Make an apron from a fertiliser sack Consider demonstrations using a water solution of a safe [food additive] dye and a leaking knapsack sprayer - to show where spray gets onto operator [wearing a white coverall and white linen gloves]. Or use UV tracer.
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Questions
1. Explain the meanings of the WHO pictograms. 2. What are the basic requirements when the nozzle is spraying below waist height. 3. What steps can be taken to reduce the risk of product exposure when a) mixing and loading b) when using a hand held sprayer. 4. What aspects of spraying increase the risk of contamination and often require extra PPE?
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3 Personal Protective Equipment PPE

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3 Personal Protective Equipment PPE

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Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

The 5 Golden Rules

Avoiding exposure risks

Avoid spraying in very windy conditions.

Exposure Studies cont.

PPE: Label Information

PPE: Use of pictograms that help ensure product safety

Use dust mask

Note: Gloves and boots are tucked into coveralls

Pictogram for an example of a WHO Class II product (moderately hazardous)

When handling concentrate

PPE can vary with products and their use

Medium risk of exposure

Higher risk of exposure

PPE Storage and maintenance

PPE: Typical key items

PPE: Self made equipment

PPE: Further safety considerations when mixing & loading

Standard PPE + extra protection =

Factors reducing risks: Formulation type

Always read label and follow label recommendations

PPE: Safety considerations when spraying

Standard PPE + Extra protection

Factors reducing risks:

Factors increasing risks:

Always read label and follow label recommendations www.stewardshipcommunity.com

PPE: Tractor mounted, trailed and self-propelled sprayers

PPE: Mixing and loading

PPE: Spraying field and row crops

PPE: Cleaning spray equipment

PPE: Properties of gloves

PPE: Properties of coveralls / suits

PPE: Properties of coveralls / suits cont.

PPE: Properties of coveralls / suits cont.

PPE: Respirators and dust masks

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