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MEIOSIS
Called _______
Gametes
SPERMATOGENESIS
Definition: Location: Begins: FSH: initiates ___________ LH: stimultates testosterone secretion, which promotes _________________ Spermatozoa: 23 chromosomes
SPERM CELLS
TESTES
Location Temperature Function: Sperm production! Seminiferous tubules
Function:
Epididymis
TESTES
Specialized cells: Sustentacular cells Location: Function: Interstitial cells Leydig cells Location: Function:
EPIDIDYMIS
DUCTUS DEFERENS
Vas deferens Location Extends from epididymis to abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal
Location
Function
2 ejaculatory ducts
PROSTATE GLAND
Location
Function Secretions help with sperm motility!
BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS
Location
Function
URETHRA
Location Function Erectile Tissue:
Corpus
SEMEN
Function Average ph Amount 100 million sperm cells /1 ml
FSH LH Testosterone
Inhibin
Pathway of sperm: Glands that contribute fluids to semen: Erectile tissue of the penis:
Question
Why are the testes outside the abdominal cavity?
Answer
A temperature of about 96F is necessary for the production of viable sperm.
OOGENESIS
Definition: Location: Begins: Ends: One mature ovum is produced approximately every 28 days Ovum: 23 chromosomes
FALLOPIAN TUBES
OVARIES
Hormones released:
HORMONES
FSH: stimulates
1. 2.
Estrogen: stimulates:
1. 2. 3.
LH: Function:
1. 2.
UTERUS
VAGINA
EXTERNAL GENITALS
MAMMARY GLANDS
Location Alveolar glands
Produce:
Lacteriferous ducts
Function:
Question
During pregnancy, what hormones prepare the mammary glands for lactation?
Answer
estrogen and progesterone from the placenta
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
3
o
phases
Phase 1. Menstrual phase:
Loss of the functional layer of the endometrium Lasts 2-8 days FSH increasing
FSH stimulates: 1. growth of __________ 2. secretion of ______ by follicles Estrogen stimulates: 1. AP to secrete LH: causes follicle maturation 1. growth of blood vessels in the __________
This phase ends with ovulation, with a surge/drop in LH which ruptures the mature ovarian follicle.
Ruptured follicle: becomes ___________ secretes __________& ____________. If the ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum ceases to function secretion of progesterone & estrogen ___________ endometrium cannot be maintained: begins to slough off.
Question
What gland secretes FSH and LH?
Answer
the anterior pituitary gland
Women Menopause Age Side effects/complications. Men continue to have reproductive capability throughout life. Prostate issues Andropause
CHAPTER 21
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Diploid # of chromosomes
23 PAIRS OF CHROMOSOMES
22
pairs autosomes
Also
called homologous chromosomes means they are maternal and paternal with genes for the same traits.
1
The
IMPLANTATION
Trophoblast
amniotic fluid: cushion will become the fetal portion of the placenta.
FETUS
both
Umbilical
Amniotic
Sinuses: Irregular vessels Contain maternal blood No direct connection to fetal blood Functions of placenta: 1. Exchange: 2. Hormones:
A. B. C.
3 STAGES OF LABOR
First stage:
1.
2.
Second stage:
1.
Third stage:
1. 2.
Liver
Not
CHROMOSOMES
23 pairs of chromosomes
One
from the mother, one from the father Compact mass of DNA & protein
GENES
DNA
code for ONE protein 20, 000 to 25,000 genes in our chromosomes Each of us has 2 genes for one protein or trait Genes are segments of a DNA molecule
ALLELES
Each gene pair has 2 possibilities, or alleles for each protein or trait Alleles may be dominant or recessive Alleles may be the same or may be different Homozygous Heterozygous
INHERITANCE: DOMINANT-RECESSIVE
Example: Eye color Each child of these parents has a 25% chance (1 in 4) of having blue eyes, and a 75% chance (3 in 4) of having brown eyes.
INHERITANCE: DOMINANT-RECESSIVE
If both parents have sickle-cell trait, each child will have a 25% chance (1 in 4) of having sickle-cell anemia. A child has a 50% chance (2 in 4) of having sicklecell trait, and a 25% chance (1 in 4) of not having any gene for sickle
possible alleles; a person will only have two A child of these parents has a 50% chance (2 in 4) of having type A blood, and a 50% chance (2 in 4) of having type B blood.
Example: red-green color blindness Chromosome 23: XY (male) or XX (female) Y is small (short) and only has about 20 genes Male: if has gene for sexlinked trait, nothing to mask it so it will be expressed Female: if has gene for sex-linked trait (recessive) on one X but not on the other, she will not express the trait but will be a
Figure 21-10 Inheritance of red-green color blindness (sex-linked pattern). See text for description.
REVIEW..
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eOvMNO MRRm8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5raJePXu0 OQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lJzZ7p47P8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jHWJqzlHl 3w