In situ Raman studies of molybdenum oxide based powder and thin film catalysts during the selective oxidation

of light alke(a)nes
Pablo Beato, Annette Trunschke and Robert Schlgl
Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
Introduction The partial oxidation of light alka(e)nes e.g. propa(e)ne to higher valuable chemicals e.g. acrolein and/or acrylic acid is technically performed over multi metal oxides (MMO). Although much effort has been made to understand the working mechanism of MMOs, the complexity of such systems has prevented up to now unequivocal proofs for the existing theories. It is obvious that in situ analytical methods are indispensable to get such proofs. The main problem is that most of the research on MMOs has only been conducted via bulk analytical techniques (XRD, EXAFS, IR, Raman, etc.) because charging effects and surface roughness of real powder catalysts make the reliable analysis by surface science methods impossible. However, a combination of surface sensitive and bulk sensitive methods are necessary to fully characterize and understand such complex systems. Our ultimate goal is therefore to prepare adequate models ranging from pure molybdenum oxides to complex mixed metal oxides which should preserve as much as possible of the chemical and structural complexity of real catalysts but at the same time stay accessible to both surface science and bulk analytic techniques. A promising strategy to meet these requirements is to deposit a thin film or nanoparticles of the metal oxide on an inert, conducting substrate, such as silicon.

Grating

CCDdetector

The Reactor Concept Cost Effective Microkinetics and In Situ

Micro-structured reactors are known as convenient tools for kinetic studies of highly exothermic reactions. Nevertheless, the ability to characterize the catalyst during the reaction or thereafter is limited. A flexible device that overcomes such limitation, a micro-structured quartz reactor, was developed. The reactor consists of a stack of three quartz plates. The middle plate is micro-structured and carries the reaction channels. The catalyst is mounted in the reactor as a thin foil, or a coated carrier plate. Removable heating elements are located in cut-outs of the base plate.

Slit

Ramanstraylight Notchfilter

Confocal apertur

Laser

cover plate side view gas in

Sample

middle plate base plate

gas out
Product gases in (to be analyzed)

Temperature control is achieved via thermocouples integrated into the reactor wall, or located in the gas supply channels. A thin top plate made of Suprasil quartz leaves the catalyst surface exposed, and makes it accessible for optical spectroscopy. A Labram system from Yobin Yvon equipped with a confocal microscope and a HeNe (15mW) laser was used for the Raman investigation. For gas analysis a PTRMS was used, because the conversion over the thin films was very low and not measurable with a normal quad mass spectrometer. The drawback of this analytic technique is that the products of total oxidation (COx) could not be detected and thus we were not able to give any total quantitative information. Anyhow, several valuable conclusions can be drawn from the obtained data (see below).

The Synthesis Strategy Complex Catalysts on Flat Substrates Bridging The Materials Gap
We have dissolved different inorganic precursors, like polyoxometalates, in gelatin and subsequently spin coated these solutions on silicon substrates. We were able to adjust the thickness of the films in a range from a few nanometers to several microns by increasing the concentration of gelatin in the gel. Further we could modify the surface morphology of the films by increasing the ratio of gelatin to inorganic component.

Selective Oxidation of Propene on Thin Films and Powder Pellets

625 K

625 K
675 K 625 K 675 K

573 K

623 K

673 K

623 K

673 K 713 K

575 K

625 K

655 K

575 K

625 K

655 K

675 K

625 K

675 K

35 30 25

yield45 yield57 yield61 yield73

film
ms signal
m45 m73 m61 m57

film

powder

acrylic acid
3

The films convert propene to different partial oxidation products (acetic acid, acrylic acid, acetaldehyde, acrolein) and can be regarded as active catalysts. The films show the typical activation behavior that is observed for this kind of catalysts, which can be seen by comparing the time necessary to achieve maximum ms signal after the two short cooling steps at 625 K. Even more important is that during this activation process the activity towards the desired product, acrylic acid, is clearly increasing much faster than for all other products, which is equivalent to an increasing selectivity.

yield [%]

0 2 4 6 time [h] 8 10
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 tos [h] 18 20 22 24 26

ms signal

10

12

14 16 tos [h]

18

20

22

24

26

28

In Situ Confocal Raman Microscopy

In situ Raman spectra of the powder pellet catalyst at different temperatures are displayed. The series of spectra reveal why in situ techniques are necessary in determining the active catalytic species: the Raman spectra before and after catalysis are obviously different from the spectrum observed for the working catalyst. The presence of a-MoO3 in the catalyst can be excluded as the Raman spectrum of a-MoO3 shows a resonance effect when interacted with the 632 nm of a He/Ne laser used in our experiments.
846

298 K
776 718

940

903

904

689

intensity

623 K

intensity

979

849

d K 6d73
926

861

904

861

845

uncoated Si-wafer

713 K

intensities

intensity

929

858

673 K

653 K

a
623 K

821

673 K

722

a
600

b
573 K

935

1050

1000

950

900 850 800 -1 Raman shift [cm ]

750

700

650

653 K

1000

900

800 700 -1 Raman shift [cm ]

600

500

573 K 298 K 1050 1000 950 900 850 800 750 700 650 600 Raman shift [cm ]
-1

Fingerprint Raman spectrum of nanocrystalline Mo5O14-type mixed oxide catalyst[1] (black) together with the in situ spectrum of our powder catalyst at 713 K (blue).

573 K a
1100 1000 900 800
-1

700

600

Sublimed crystals during reaction (black) seem to be the crystalline counterpart to the nanocrystalline industrial Mo-V-W mixed oxide (red).

Raman shift [cm ]

Conclusions: We have presented a method for the preparation of thin films, which have been used as a realistic model system for the mixed oxide catalysts used in partial oxidation reactions. A new type of micro-reactor has been tested successfully in the partial oxidation of propene at elevated temperatures and has shown to be suited for the application of in situ Raman spectroscopy. However, the reactor could be used for other optical spectroscopies as for example uv-vis spectroscopy. The obtained results together with the observation of the increasing activity when the catalyst is close to sublime let us believe that the active surface of mixed metal oxide catalysts used in selective oxidation reactions is actually a very dynamic one and probably not comparable to a stiff crystal structure. This would further imply that all the structural data which can be obtained from the catalyst surface must be seen as a snapshot of a dynamic structural process. [1] G. Mestl, J. Raman Spectrosc. 33 (2002) 333.