Sistem Otot

Otot yang terletak di bahagian median badan. Otot-otot ini terdiri dari otot kepala dan leher otot spine (tulang belakang/tulang punggung) Otot yang bersambung dengan otot aksial. Otot-otot ini terdiri dari otot bahu dan tangan otot kaki

Pandangan Depan

Pandangan Belakang

Frontalis

Korugator supersili Obikularis okuli Levator labi superioris Zigomatikus major

Masseter Risorius

Levator anguli oris Platisma Depresor anguli oris Sternokleidomast oid Omohioid Trapezius

Frontalis
Origin: Epicranial aponeurosis Insertion: Skin over forehead Action: Elevates eyebrows and wrinkles skin of forehead

Epicranial Aponeurosis

Occipitalis
Origin: Occipital and temporal bones Insertion: Epicranial aponeurosis Action: Fixes epicranial aponeurosis and pulls scalp

Orbicularis Oculi
Origin: Medial orbital margin and zygomatic bone Insertion: Skin surrounding eye Action: Closes eyelids and depresses skin of forehead

Temporalis
Origin: Temporal fossa Insertion: Coronoid process of mandible Action: Elevates and retracts

10

Masseter
Origin: Zygomatic process and arch Insertion: Angle and ramus of mandible Action: Elevates

11

Orbicularis Oris
Origin: By muscular skips to surround muscles Insertion: Muscles interlace to surround mouth Action: Closes and purses lips
12

Zygomaticus Major
Origin: Zygomatic arch Insertion: Corner of mouth Action: Elevates corner of mouth

13

Risorius
Origin: Fascia of masseter Insertion: Corner of mouth Action: Draws corner of mouth laterally

14

Omohyoid
Origin: Medial tip of suprascapular notch Insertion: Body of hyoid bone Action: Depresses hyoid

16

Sternohyoid
Origin: Posterior surface of manubrium, and medial clavicle Insertion: Hyoid bone Action: Depresses hyoid bone
17

Mylohyoid
Origin: Mylohyoid line of mandible Insertion: Hyoid bone Action: Elevates hyoid bone and floor of mouth, depresses mandible
18

Digastric Anterior Belly

Origin: Lower border of mandible near midline Insertion: Intermediate tendon Action: Elevates hyoid bone and base of tongue,

19

Digastric Posterior Belly

Origin: Mastoid notch of temporal bone Insertion: Intermediate tendon Action: Moves hyoid bone back
20

Sternocleidomasto id
Origin: Manubrium and medial third of clavicle Insertion: Mastoid process Action: Rotates head to opposite side, extends head, and flexes vertebral column

21

Deep Muscles of the Back and Neck

Trapezius
Origin: External occipital protuberance, superior nuchal line and spinous process of C7-T12 Insertion: Anterior border of scapular spine, acromion process, lateral third of clavicle

25

Latissimus Dorsi
Origin: Spinous processes of lower 6 thoracic vertebrae, thoracolumbar fascia, crest of ilium Insertion: Intertubercular groove of humerus Action: Extends, rotates humerus medially, draws

26

Levator Scapula
Origin: Transverse processes of C1-4 Insertion: Superior angle spine of scapula Action: Elevates scapula
27

Rhomboid Major
Origin: Spinous process of T1-5 and supraspinous ligament Insertion: Medial border below spine of scapula Action: Adducts scapula and performs

28

Rhomboid Minor
Origin: Spinous process of C7-T1 Insertion: Medial border of scapula at base of spine Action: Adducts scapula and performs downward rotation

29

Serratus Anterior
Origin: Lateral surface of upper 8 ribs Insertion: Anterior lip of medial border of scapula Action: Holds scapula to chest wall, medially rotates scapula in abducting or extending

30

Erector Spinae
Origin: Sacrum, iliac crest, spinous processes of lumbar vertebrae and T11,12 Insertion: Angles of the ribs. Spinous & Transverse processes of

31

Quadratus Lumborum
Origin: Iliolumbar ligament and crest of ilium Insertion: Lower border of 12th rib, transverse process of upper lumbar vertebrae Action: Depresses rib cage inferiorly and laterally flexes

32

Scalenes Anterior
Origin: Transverse processes of C3-C6 Insertion: 1st rib Action: Elevates 1st rib, flexes neck forward and laterally, rotates neck
33

Scalenes Middle
Origin: Transverse processes of C2-C7 Insertion: 1st rib Action: Elevates 1st rib, flexes neck forward and laterally, rotates neck

34

Scalenes Posterior
Origin: Transverse processes of C4-C6 Insertion: 2nd rib Action: Elevates 2nd rib, flexes neck laterally, slightly rotates neck
35

External Intercostal
Origin: Inferior border of rib above Insertion: Superior border of rib below Action: Elevates rib cage during inspiration
37

Internal Intercostal
Origin: Superior border of rib below Insertion: Inferior border of rib above Action: Depresses rib cage during expiration

38

Pectoralis Major
Origin: Medial half of clavicle, sternum, costal cartilages, aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique Insertion: Intertubular groove of humerus Action: Flexes, adducts, and medially rotates humerus, draws body upward in climbing

39

Pectoralis Minor
Origin: Anterior surface of ribs 3 to 5 Insertion: Coracoid process of scapula Action: Draws scapula down and forward and elevates ribs

40

Rectus Abdominus
Origin: Pubis symphysis and crest of pubis Insertion: Xiphoid process and cartilages of ribs 5 to 7 Action: Tenses abdominal wall and flexes vertebral column

42

External Abdominal Oblique

Origin: External surface of lower 8 ribs Insertion: Anterior half of iliac crest and linea alba Action: Compresses abdomen, contralaterally rotates and flexes

43

Internal Abdominal Oblique

Origin: Lateral half of inguinal ligament, anterior iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia Insertion: Lower four ribs, linea alba and by conjoined tendon to pubis Action: Compresses abdomen, ipsilaterally rotates and flexes vertebral column

44

Transverse Abdominis
Origin: Lateral third of inguinal ligament, anterior iliac crest, and thoracolumbar fascia Insertion: Linea alba, and by conjoined tendon to pubis

45

Gluteus Maximus
Origin: Upper portion of ilium, the sacrum and coccyx Insertion: Gluteal tuberosity and iliotibial tract Action: Principal extensor and lateral rotator of

47

Gluteus Medius
Origin: Middle portion of ilium Insertion: Oblique ridge on greater trochanter of femur Action: Abducts femur, stabilizes contralateral hip while standing on one leg

48

Piriformis
Origin: Pelvic surface of sacrum Insertion: Greater trochanter of femur Action: Rotates

49

Quadratus Femoris
Origin: Ischial tuberosity Insertion: Greater trochanter and shaft of femur Action: Rotates thigh laterally

50

Psoas Major
Origin: Transverse processes of bodies of lumbar vertebrae Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur with iliacus Action: Flexes trunk and flexes and laterally

51

Iliacus
Origin: Iliac fossa and lateral margin of sacrum Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur with psoas major Action: Flexes and laterally rotates femur

52

Muscles of the Shoulder and Arm

Muscles of the Shoulder and Back

Otot Tangan

Deltoid
Origin: Anterior surface, lateral clavicle, acromion process and spine of scapula Insertion: Deltoid tubercle of humerus Action: Abducts humerus; aids in flexion, extension, and internal and

58

Supraspinatus
Origin: Supraspinous fossa Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus Action: Abducts humerus

59

Infraspinatus
Origin: Infraspinous fossa Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus Action: Rotates humerus

60

Teres Minor
Origin: Axillary border of scapula Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus Action: Rotates humerus laterally

61

Teres Major
Origin: Axillary border at inferior angle of scapula Insertion: Intertubular groove of humerus Action: Extends, adduction and

62

Subscapularis
Origin: Subscapular fossa Insertion: Lesser tubercle of humerus Action: Rotates humerus medially
63

Biceps Brachii
Origin: Long head, supraglenoid tubercle; Short head, coracoid process scapula Insertion: Radial tuberosity of the radius Action: Flexes radius and
Shor t Hea d Lon g Hea d

64

Coracobrachialis
Origin: Coracoid process of scapula Insertion: Middle third of humerus Action: Flexes and adducts humerus
65

Triceps Brachii
Origin: Long head, infraglenoid tubercle; Lateral head, proximal portion of posterior humerus; Medial head, distal half of posterior humerus Insertion: Olecranon process of ulna Action: Extends humerus and ulna

Lon g Hea d

Later al Head

66

Brachialis
Origin: Anterior distal two-thirds of humerus Insertion: Coronoid process of ulna Action: Flexes ulna
67

Anconeus
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus Insertion: Olecranon process, posterior surface of ulna Action: Weak extensor of ulna, stabilizes elbow joint in extension

68

Abductor Pollicis Brevis

Origin: Scaphoid and trapezium Insertion: Proximal phalanx of thumb Action: Abducts thumb and aids in flexion
Palm
70

Flexor Pollicis Brevis

Origin: Trapezium Insertion: Proximal phalanx of thumb Action: Flexes thumb

Palm Palm

71

Flexor Digiti Minimi

Origin: Hook of hamate Insertion: Proximal phalanx of fifth digit Action: Flexes fifth digit

Palm Palm

72

Abductor Digiti Minimi

Origin: Pisiform and tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris Insertion: Proximal phalanx of fifth digit Action: Abducts fifth digit
Palm Palm
73

Pronator Teres
Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna Insertion: Middle portion of radius Action: Pronates and flexes forearm

Anterior, Superficial

75

Flexor Carpi Radialis

Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus Insertion: Base of second metacarpal Action: Flexes wrist and elbow and abducts wrist
Anterior, Superficial
76

Palmaris Longus
Origin: Medial epicondyle of the humerus Insertion: Palmar aponeurosis Action: Weak flexion of wrist, tenses skin of palm
Anterior, Superficial
77

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus, olecranon process, & posterior ulna Insertion: Pisiform, hamate, and fifth metacarpal Action: Flexes

Anterior, Superficial

78

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis

Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna Insertion: Middle phalanges of fingers Action: Flexes fingers and wrist

Anterior, Middle

79

Flexor Digitorum Profundus

Origin: Anterior and medial surfaces of ulna and interosseous membrane Insertion: Distal phalanges of fingers Action: Flexes fingers and wrist
Anterior, Deepest
80

Flexor Pollicis Longus

Origin: Middle half of radius, interosseous membrane, coronoid process of ulna Insertion: Distal phalanx of thumb Action: Flexes thumb and wrist
Anterior, Deepest
81

Brachioradialis
Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge Insertion: Styloid process of radius Action: Flexes forearm

Posterior, Superficial

83

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus

Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus Insertion: Second metacarpal Action: Extends and abducts hand

Posterior, Superficial

84

Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus Insertion: Third metacarpal Action: Extends and abducts hand

Posterior, Superficial

85

Extensor Digitorum
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus Insertion: Into distal phalanx by 4 tendons Action: Extends fingers and hand
Posterior, Superficial
86

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus and posterior border of ulna Insertion: Fifth metacarpal Action: Extends and adducts hand
Posterior, Superficial
87

Extensor Digiti Minimi

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus Insertion: Extensor expansion of little finger Action: Extends 5th digit and hand
Posterior, Middle Layer
88

Supinator
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus, supinator crest of ulna Insertion: Lateral surface and posterior border of radius Action: Supinates forearm
Posterior, Deepest
89

Abductor Pollicis Longus

Origin: Posterior surface of ulna and radius, and interosseous membrane Insertion: First metacarpal Action: Abducts thumb and hand
Posterior, Deepest
90

Extensor Pollicis Brevis

Origin: Middle third of radius and interosseous membrane Insertion: Base of proximal phalanx of thumb Action: Extends thumb
Posterior, Deepest
91

Extensor Pollicis Longus

Origin: Middle third of ulna and interosseous membrane Insertion: Base of distal phalanx of thumb Action: Extends thumb

Posterior, Deepest

92

Muscles of the Leg

Muscles of the Leg

Muscles of the Leg

9-63

Otot Kaki

Biceps Femoris
Origin: Long head, ischial tuberosity; Short head, lateral supracondylar ridge of femur Insertion: Head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia Action: Extends femur and flexes leg
Lon g Hea d Shor t Hea d
99

Semitendinosus
Origin: Ischial tuberosity Insertion: Medial condyle of tibia Action: Extends femur and flexes leg

100

Semimembranosus
Origin: Ischial tuberosity Insertion: Medial condyle of tibia Action: Extends femur and flexes leg

101

Sartorius
Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine Insertion: Medial margin of tibial tuberosity Action: Flexes both femur and tibia

103

Rectus Femoris
Origin: Anterior inferior iliac spine and upper margin of acetabulum Insertion: Tibial tuberosity Action: Extends tibia and flexes femur
104

Vastus Lateralis
Origin: Intertrochanteric line and linea aspera of femur Insertion: Tibial tuberosity Action: Extends tibia
105

Vastus Medialis
Origin: Intertrochanteric line and linea aspera of femur Insertion: Tibial tuberosity Action: Extends tibia
106

Vastus Intermedius
Origin: Upper shaft of femur Insertion: Tibial tuberosity Action: Extends tibia

107

Adductor Brevis
Origin: Inferior pubic ramus Insertion: Upper part of linea aspera Action: Adducts, flexes, and medially rotates femur
109

Adductor Longus
Origin: Between pubic rami near symphysis Insertion: Middle third of linea aspera Action: Adducts, flexes & medially rotates femur
110

Adductor Magnus
Origin: Pubic arch and ischial tuberosity Insertion: Linea aspera and adductor tubercle Action: Adducts, flexes, and laterally and medially rotates

111

Gracilis
Origin: Inferior pubis near symphysis Insertion: Upper portion of tibia Action: Adducts, flexes, medially rotates tibia
112

Tensor Fasciae Latae

Origin: Iliac crest Insertion: Iliotibial tract Action: Flexes thigh, stabilizes knee

114

Pectineus
Origin: Superior ramus of pubis Insertion: Just inferior to the lesser trochanter Action: Adducts and flexes thigh, assists with medial rotation of thigh
115

Gastrocnemius
Origin: Medial and lateral condyles of femur Insertion: With soleus into calcaneus via calcaneal tendon Action: Flexes tibia and plantar; flexes foot

Superficial

117

Soleus
Origin: Upper third of fibula and soleal line of tibia Insertion: With gastrocnemius into calcaneus via calcaneal tendon Action: Flexes foot

Second Layer
118

Plantaris
Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge of femur Insertion: Posterior calcaneus via calcaneal tendon Action: Weakly assists gastroc in plantar flexing ankle and flexing knee

Second Layer
119

Popliteus
Origin: Lateral surface of lateral condyle Insertion: Posterior surface of tibia just below condyles Action: Flexes and unlocks knee joint
Second Layer
121

Tibialis Posterior
Origin: Interosseous membrane and tibia and fibula on either side Insertion: Navicular, with slips to cuneiform; cuboid; metatarsals 2-4 Action: Adducts and inverts foot and aids in plantar flexion

Third Layer

122

Flexor Digitorum Longus

Origin: Middle half of tibia Insertion: By four tendons into distal phalanges of lateral four toes Action: Flexes lateral four toes
Third Layer
123

Flexor Hallucis Longus

Origin: Distal twothirds of fibula Insertion: Distal phalanx of great toe Action: Flexes great toe

Third Layer

124

Tibialis Anterior
Origin: Upper half of tibia and interosseous membrane Insertion: Base of first cuneiform and first metatarsal Action: Dorsiflexes and inverts foot
126

Extensor Hallucis Longus

Origin: Middle half of fibula and interosseous membrane Insertion: Distal phalanx of great toe Action: Dorsiflexes foot and extends great toe
Tend on

127

Extensor Digitorum Longus

Origin: Tibia, proximal threefourths of fibula, & interosseous membrane Insertion: Tendons to middle & terminal phalanges of four lateral toes by extensor expansion Action: Dorsiflexes foot and extends

Tend on

128

Fibularis Longus
Origin: Upper two-thirds of fibula and intermuscular septa Insertion: Plantar base of first metatarsal and first cuneiform and

130

Fibularis Brevis
Origin: Lower two-thirds of fibula Insertion: Plantar base of fifth metatarsal Action: Plantar flexes and everts foot
131

Extensor Digitorum Brevis

Origin: Dorsal surface of calcaneus Insertion: By four tendons into extensor expansion Action: Extends toes

133

Extensor Hallucis Brevis

Origin: Medial surface of calcaneus Insertion: Proximal phalanx of great toe Action: Extends toes
134

NAMA OTOT

FUNGSI-FUNGSI

Oksiputfrontalis Obikularisokuli Obikularisoris Buksinator

otot mengerut dahi

mengelilingi kelopak mata dan bertindak sebagai otot penutup mata mengelilingi bibir, menutup mulut

otot utama di bahagian pipi, digunakan pada masa menghisap dan mengunyah

NAMA OTOT

FUNGSI-FUNGSI

Temporalis dan Maseter Plastima

membantu tindakan otot buksinator pada masa mengunyah menarik rahang bawah, iaitu membuka mulut dan membantu pada masa mengunyah

Sternokleidomas menarik kepala ke sisi dan toid mengangguk kepala Trapezius otot segitiga yang besar di belakang leher, bahu dan bahagian atas di belakang dada. Membantu dalam gerakan sendi bahu.

Nama Otot

Fungsi-fungsi

Deltoid

di atas bahu, mengangkat lengan ke arah luar dari sisi badan. di hadapan lengan atas , membengkok sendi siku di belakang lengan atas, menjulur sendi siku beberapa kumpulan otot terletak di bahagian depan dan belakang lengan bawah dan di bahagian tapak tangan dan jari. Semua otot ini menjalankan gerak-geri di sendi siku, pergelangan tangan dan jari.

Bisep dan Brakialis

Trisep Otot lengan bawah

Nama Otot Pektoralis Major Pektoralis Minor Serratus anterior Latisimus Dorsi

Fungsi-fungsi otot besar di hadapan dada, membengkok lengan atas ke hadapan dada di bawah otot pektoralis major, menarik bahu ke bawah di sebelah rusuk ke arah tulang belikat, menarik bahu ke hadapan dari belakang dada ke bahagian atas tulang pangkal lengan menurun lengan ke sisi badan selepas lengan telah diangkat, memutar /memusing lengan atas ke dalam

Nama Otot
Interkosta (Dalam dan Luar) - antara tulang rusuk

Fungsi-fungsi
Bilangan otot interkosta ialah 11 pasang dan dibahagikan kepada otot interkosta dalam dan luar. Otot ini terjalar dari pinggir bawah pada satu tulang rusuk ke pinggir atas tulang rusuk yang di bawahnya. Ia terdiri daripada dua lapisan dan fiber otot interkosta dalam berselang-seli dengan fiber otot interkosta luar. Fiber otot interkosta dalam terjalar ke bawah dan ke belakang, manakala fiber otot interkosta luar pula terjalar ke bawah dan ke hadapan. Otot ini adalah otot penting dalam gerakan bernafas. Tindakan otot interkosta luar: menarik tulang rusuk ke arah luar dan meluaskan ruang toreks pada masa menarik nafas. Tindakan otot interkosta dalam: setengah daripadanya menarik tulang rusuk ke arah luar (dan meluaskan ruang toreks), manakala fiber yang lain daripadanya menarik rusuk ke hala dalam toreks dan mengecilkan ruang toreks pada masa menghembus nafas.

Dinding depan di bahagian abdomen terbina daripada otototot yang berikut. Semua otot ini adalah otot berpasangan dan membantu dalam proses bernafas.

Nama Otot
1. Rektus Abdominis (Otot Lurus)

Lokasi Otot
Tendon dari punca permulaannya berasal dari cuaran xifoid di tulang dada dan tendon lekatannya terlekat di pinggir atas di sendi ari-ari. Otot ini dilitupi oleh sarung berfiber yang tebal yang dikenali sebagai sarung rektus. Otot rektus abdominis dari sebelah kiri abdomen menjalar selari dengan pasangannya di sebelah kanan dan terpisah dari pasangannya oleh satu lapisan tisu berfiber yang dikenali sebagai linea alba(garisan putih) yang terletak di pertengahan abdomen.

2. Otot Eksterna Oblikus (Otot Serong Luar)

Fiber dari otot ini bermula dari lapan tulang rusuk yang bawah, menjalar ke arah bawah dan hadapan, dan tamat sebagai bentuk kipas dan terlekat di tempat berikut: -Kepada sarung berfiber otot rektus abdominis -Kepada puncak tulang ari-ari -Kepada bahagian pertengahan depan di puncak tulang ilium -Ligamen inguinal@ligamen Poupart ialah sebahagian daripada tendon lekatan otot ini--ligamen ini terletak dari rabung atas depan di tulang ilium ke puncak tulang ari-ari.

3. Otot Interna Oblikus (Otot Serong Dalam)

Kebanyakan fiber otot ini bermula dari puncak ilium dan tamat sebagai punca lekatan di sarung berfiber otot rektus dan tulang rusuk yang bawah.

4. Transversa Abdominis (Otot Melintang)

Otot ini terdapat di lapisan bawah sekali di antara otot yang membina dinding depan abdomen. Fibernya bermula dari rawan rusuk yang di bawah, ruas tulang pinggang, puncak ilium dan ligamen inguina, melintang ke arah pasangannya di pertengahan abdomen.

Nama Otot Iliopsoas

Fungsi-fungsi Terdiri daripada dua otot belakang yang bermula dari tulang ilium dan vertebra pinggang. Kedua-dua otot ini terlekat di gembul kecil di tulang paha. Otot-otot ini membengkokkan sendi paha serta memutar paha ke sisi dalamnya. Bermula dari puncak ilium dan terlekat di tulang rusuk kedua belas. Permukaan belakang buah pinggang terletak di atas otot kuadratus lumborum. Otot ini membengkok badan ke sebelah sisinya.

Kuadratus Lumborum

Nama Otot Otot Gluteus Maksima

Fungsi-fungsi Melunjurkan sendi paha setelah sendi ini dibengkokkan, ia juga memutar paha ke sisi luar. Mengangkat paha ke hala luar Mengangkat paha (abduksi) ke hala luar serta memutar paha ke sisi dalam (medial rotation)

Otot Gluteus Medius Otot Gluteus Minimus

Nama Otot Fungsi-fungsi Otot kuadrisep ekstensor (otot Otot-otot ini melunjurkan sendi lutut empat akar) yang terdiri daripada setelah lutut dibengkokkan empat otot, iaitu: -Rektus femoris -Vastus medialis -Vastus lateralis -Vastus intermedialis Otot sartorius Menyerong dari sisi luar dari atas paha ke sisi dalam di bahagian lutut. Otot ini membengkok sendi lutut sertamembengkok, mengangkat dan memutar sendi paha ke luar.

Nama Otot Otot hamstring terdiri dari 3 otot, iaitu: -Bisep femoris -Semi-membranosa -Semi- tendinosa

Fungsi-fungsi Otot-otot ini membengkokkan sendi lutut serta melunjurkan sendi paha.

Nama Otot Fungsi-fungsi Otot aduktor terdiri daripada 3 otot, Otot-otot ini mengangkat paha ke iaitu: hala dalam. -Aduktor longus -Brevis -Magnus

Nama Otot Otot tibialis anterior

Fungsi-fungsi Membengkokkan sendi pergelangan kaki ke atas. Membengkokkan jari-jari kaki ke atas.

Otot Ekstensor Digitorium Longus

Nama Otot Otot Gastronemius dan Otot Soleus

Fungsi-fungsi Tendon lekatan dari otot ini bersatu di bawah lalu membentuk tendon keting(tendon achilles) dan puncanya terlekat di tulang tumit Membengkokkan sendi lutut dan membengkokkan tapak kaki ke bawah

Nama Otot Otot Peroneus terdiri daripada tiga otot

Fungsi-fungsi Menarik tapak kaki ke hala sisi luar

Umur (tahun) Lahir - 2

Perkembangan Psikomotor ( Motor kasar ----- Motor halus ) Bayi mula menunjukkan autonomi dan kekuatan melalui pergerakkan seperti memusingkan badan, merangkak dan berjalan. Ini adalah hasil perkembangan psikomotor yang melibatkan otot-otot kasar (leher, kaki, tangan dan kaki). Perkembangan otot-otot halus (jari tangan) yang membolehkan bayi mencapai, menggengam dan mengkoordinasi antara mata dan tangan mula kelihatan. Di akhir tahun kedua, bayi sudah boleh melakukan aktiviti yang kompleks yang melibatkan beberapa langkah seperti memegang pensil krayon dan melukis.

Menaiki tangga dengan bantuan. Memegang objek-objek besar seperti bola dan memanipulasi objek-objek kecil seperti krayon. Melambung bola. Menunggang basikal roda tiga. Melompat dan berlari. Menaiki dan menurun tangga tanpa bantuan. Menggunakan kasut roda. Menulis huruf-huruf dan perkataan-perkataan yang mudah.

3 4 5

6 7 - 12

Memukul, menampal, mengikat tali kasut, dan membutan baju. Otot mata dan tangan mencapai koordinasi yang lebih baik membolehkan kanak-kanak menulis dengan lebih kemas. Belajar membaca, mengira dan melakukan aktiviti permainan. Belajar bermain alat-alat muzik seperti piano dan biola. Menjahit, mengait, membina model Belajar gimnastik, berenang, tenis dan olahraga. Kanak-kanak lelaki lebih cenderung kepada permainan lasak misalnya permainan bola sepak di padang. Otot-otot bertambah kuat. Pertambahan koordinasi.

12 - 15