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Definition of Quality:
Quality is the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs. Some goals of quality programs include:
Fitness for use. (Is the product or service capable of being used?) Fitness for purpose. (Does the product or service meet its intended purpose?) Customer satisfaction. (Does the product or service meet the customer's expectations?) Conformance to the requirements. (Does the product or service conform to the requirements?)
Quality Planning
The process of identifying which quality standards are relevant to the project and determining how to satisfy them. Input includes: Quality policy, scope statement, product description, standards and regulations, and other process Output. Methods used: benefit / cost analysis, benchmarking, flowcharting, and design of experiments Output includes: Quality Management Plan, operational definitions, checklists, and Input to other processes.
Quality Assurance
The process of evaluating overall project performance on a regular basis to provide confidence that the project will satisfy the relevant quality standards. Input includes: Quality Management Plan, results of quality control measurements, and operational definitions. Methods used: quality planning tools and techniques and quality audits. Output includes: quality improvement.
Quality Assurance
Quality assurance is about engineering processesthat assure quality The keyword to pay attention to is processes. QA extends far beyond what we call the software testing team. The goal is to develop high quality products in the most efficient way, and it cannot be achieved by testing alone.
Quality Assurance
Defects occur because something somewhere did not happen the way it needed to. Testing might help in detecting those defects, but not in avoiding them. A defect once fixed cannot ensure that it wont occur again, even if the root cause is found. The process or the system that allowed that defect to occur is what needs to be re-engineered, and this is what is called quality assurance.
Quality Assurance
Everyone who is involved in the end to end development process, including analysts, developers, testers, managers etc., is an important player in assuring quality. In fact,QA might not involve testing at all.
Quality Assurance
If a company wanted to bring down its defects per million ratios, would testing alone be able to help achieve this goal? The answer is no, because in practice, not every defect can be found and fixed. However, if the processes that go into developing a product were reviewed and best practices were implemented, the load on testing team is likely to reduce. It is for this reason a lot of auditors focus on the processes were followed rather than focusing on the amount of testing an organization does.
Quality Control
The process of monitoring specific project results to determine if they comply with relevant quality standards and identifying ways to eliminate causes of unsatisfactory performance. Input includes: work results, Quality Management Plan, operational definitions, and checklists. Methods used include: inspection, control charts, pareto diagrams, statistical sampling, flowcharting, and trend analysis. Output includes: quality improvements, acceptance decisions, rework, completed checklists, and process adjustments
Quality Control
Quality control is a set of activities that need to be performed in order to detect problems during production and before the product goes live. These activities ensure that final deliverable meets the specifications and quality standards set by the organization. QC often includes peer reviews, testing, code reviews etc.
Quality Control
In theory, quality control can be achieved with minimal testing. For example, a thorough review of source code and checks for known previously problems can reduce the possibility of defects and might be enough to meet the quality standards set by the organization. However in most cases, testing is the most important activity for quality control, but it is not the only activity.
Quality Control
Quality control is extremely important for ensuring that applications are bug free and meet the specifications and requirements, but QC might not always be the most efficient ways of ensuring quality. This is where Quality Assurance plays its role. But it is a concept that is often misunderstood by even the most experienced professions
What is verification?
Verification represents static testing techniques. Verification ensures that the software documents comply with the organizations standards, it is static analysis technique. Verification answer's the question Is the Software build according to the specifications.
Verification techniques
Feasibility reviews Requirements reviews Technical Reviews Walk through Inspections Formal reviews Informal reviews Peer reviews Static Code Analysis
Validation techniques
Unit testing Integration testing System testing Integration testing
Quality Control
holding onto gains, controlling variation,preventing waste
Quality Improvement
lowering cost of poor quality achieving innovation in performance
Commonalities in QM Approaches
QM approaches tend to view quality in terms of value produced by business processes for customers Reshape and control process to get quality Tend to take a systems, but not a complex adaptive systems approach Emphasize scientific approaches, empirical investigation, statistical analysis, formal knowledge processing Emphasize metrics and measurement View QM as an integrated set of activities designed to have a direct impact on all business processes and their inter-relations
Commonalities in QM Approaches
Use Technological and particularly IT tools and techniques Employ a wide range of analytical techniques and also social interaction and human intervention techniques Emphasizes strongly the elimination of errors before they happen: prevention Strong emphasis on cause-and-effect analysis suggesting a deterministic view of quality Strong emphasis on leadership and its role in QM Widespread emphasis on organizational learning framework to produce knowledge needed for achieving quality
Quality Concepts
Zero Defects
Implies that there is no tolerance for errors within the system. The goal of all processes is to avoid defects in the product or service. Similar to six sigma: almost zero defects
Quality Concepts
Do the Right Thing Right the First Time (DTRTRTFT)
Implies that it is easier and less costly to do the work right the first time than it is to do it the second time. Entails the training of personnel to ensure sufficient skills and tools to correctly complete the work.
Cost of Quality
Cost of quality is the total price of all efforts to achieve product or service quality. This includes all work to build a product or service that conforms to the requirements as well as all work resulting from nonconformance to the requirements. The typical project should have a goal of between 3-5% of the total value as the cost of a quality program depending on the type of project and its total dollar value.
Cost to build right the first time Training programs Statistical Process Control (SPC) Costs
Cost of a quality system is often viewed as a negative cost because errors in work have been traditionally accepted as a cost of doing business.
Cost of Conformance
Planning Training and indoctrination Process control Field testing Product design validation Process validation Test and evaluation Quality audits Maintenance and calibration
Cost of Nonconformance
Scrap Rework Expediting Additional material or inventory Warranty repairs or service Complaint handling Liability judgments Product recalls Product corrective actions
Cost of Non-Quality
Cost of non-quality is estimated to be 1220% of sales. Waste of time and materials Rework of poor quality products Additional material Delays in schedule Product and service image Corporate image
Waste in rejects of completed work Waste in design flaws Waste in work-in-process Waste in motion for manpower (under-trained employee) Waste in management (Improper direction of work) Waste in manpower (Misplaced or waiting workers) Waste in facilities (Ordering excess material) Waste in expenses (Unnecessary meetings, travel)
The collection of quantitative data for statistical analysis is the basis for proactive Management by FACT rather than by EXCEPTION. Management by exception lets errors and defects happen before Management intervention.