Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
REFERENCES
JAWETZ, MELNICK & ADELBERGS MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 24TH EDITION by Geo. F. Brooks, Karen C. Carroll, Janet S. Butel, and Stephen A. Morse, McGraw-Hill, 2007. MIKROBIOLOGI KEDOKTERAN, Edisi Revisi, Pengarang Staf Pengajar FK UI, Binarupa Aksara.
REFERENCES
Lippincotts Illustrated Reviews Microbiology 2nd edition by Richard A. Harvey, Pamela C. Champe, Bruce D. Fisher, 2007, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY by FH Kayser, K.A. Bienz, J. Eckert, R.M.Zinkernagel, Thieme, 2005.
Microbiology defined
study of microorganisms, where the The individual cells of the 'microbe' can't be seen by the unaided human eye' is, we need to use specialized detection That systems-usually optical instruments termed
microscopes. There are 2 main type main types of microscopes in use: - Bright field microscope resolution about 0.2m - Electron microscope resolution about 100 times greater
What is microbiology?
Bacteriology Virology Mycology Immunology Genetics
Virus
Contain only one type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA No enzymatic energy producing system No protein synthesizing apparatus Force infected host cells to synthesize virus particles
Cell wall
Plasma membrane No carbohydrates, most lack sterols Ribosome Average size 70S 0,2-2 m in diameter
Replication
Binary fission
Budding or mitosis
Procaryotes
Procaryotes (refers mainly to the bacteria) No nucleus Generally circular DNA genome +/- cell wall Can have extrasomal DNA DNA without introns Haploid (chromosome) Binary division
BACTERIA
Classic bacteria.
Reproduce asexually by binary transverse fission. Do not possess the nucleus typical of eucarya. The cell walls of these organisms are rigid (with some exceptions, e.g., the mycoplasma).
ATYPICAL BACTERIA
Chlamydiae
Obligate intracellular parasites that are able to reproduce in certain human cells only. Found in two stages: the infectious, nonreproductive particles called elementary bodies (0.3 lm) and the noninfectious, intracytoplasmic, reproductive forms known as initial (or reticulate) bodies (1 lm).
ATYPICAL BACTERIA
Rickettsiae
Obligate intracellular parasites. Rodshaped to coccoid. Reproduce by binary transverse fission. The diameter of the individual cell is from 0.31 lm.
Eucaryotes
Eucaryotes (include fungi, protozoa, helminth) Have nucleus Other membrane organelles Diploid chromosomes Mitotic & meiotic division Have introns and exons
Bacteria (procaryotic)
Eg Staph sp, Strep sp, E.coli, Mycoplasma sp
Fungi (eucaryotic)
Eg Candida sp (single celled yeast), Aspergillus sp (multicelled)
Parasites (eucaryotic)
Eg Giardia lamblia, Plasmodium sp (malaria)
Viruses
Eg HIV, HBV, HBC, Rubella, Herpes (EBV, VZ, HSV)
A little History
Before about 1650 philosophers believed in
SPONTANEOUS GENERATION Significant discoveries altered this thinking.
LOUIS PASTEUR:
Proved beyond doubt that specific organisms were the cause of specific infectious diseases. Experiments with the very lethal disease (especially of cattle) anthrax
KOCHS POSTULATES
1. The same 'pathogen' must be present in every case of the disease 2. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture 3. The pathogen when inoculated into a susceptible uninfected host causes the disease 4. The pathogen must be re-isolated in pure culture from the inoculated animal
Griffith 1928 Experiment to determine which part of a pneumococcus bacteria caused the disease. 1944 Genetic material is DNA, not the capsule, not the cytoplasm. Provided the groundwork for Avery and McLeods definitive work, as well as for Watson and Crick (1953) DNA Structure
Fleming 1929 Penicillin (beta lactam ring in outer layer of a bacteria is inhibited, making cell wall synthesis impossible)