Protection Engineering and Research Laboratories: Session VII: Transformer Protection

Protection Engineering
And Research Laboratories

Session VII :
Transformer Protection
Dr. G. Pradeep Kumar
Training on Power System Element Protection,
9
th
& 17
th
March, 2007 at L&T Manappakam, Chennai.
2007 Protection Engineering And Research Laboratories
2
17
th
March 2007
Introduction
Over current protection
Parallel transformer protection
Earth faults protection
Biased differential protection
Auto transformer protection
Inter-turn fault protection
Over flux protection
Over load protection
Contents
3
17
th
March 2007
Introduction
4
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th
March 2007
Winding and terminal faults
Sustained or un-cleared external faults
Abnormal operating conditions such as
overload, over voltage and over fluxing
Core faults
Transformer Fault Categories
Introduction
5
17
th
March 2007
A1

I
A2
V
E
P

Transformer Operation
6
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th
March 2007
A1
I
A2
V
E
P

a1
a2
E
S

7
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th
March 2007
A1
I
P

A2
V
E
P

a1
a2
E
S

I
S

8
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th
March 2007
A
B C
C2
C1 A2
A1
B2 B1
a
b
c
c2
c1
a2
a1
b1
b2
Transformer Connections
9
17
th
March 2007
Clock Face numbers refer to position of low voltage phase-
neutral vector with respect to high voltage phase neutral vector
Line connections made to highest numbered winding terminal
available
B1 B2 b2 b1
a2 a1 A1 A2
C1 C2 c2 c1
High
Voltage
Windings
Low Voltage
Windings
A Phase
Windings

B Phase
Windings

C Phase
Windings
Line phase designation is same
as winding
Example 1 : Dy11
Transformer
How to connect the windings ?
Transformer Connections
10
17
th
March 2007
30
11
12
Vector Group Example
Dy11
11
17
th
March 2007
1. Draw Phase-Neutral Voltage Vectors
30

A
C B
a
c
b
Line Designation
Dy11
12
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th
March 2007
2. Draw Delta Connection
A
C B
a
c
b
Dy11
13
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th
March 2007
3. Draw A Phase Windings
A
C B
a
c
b
a2
a1
A2
A
1
Dy11
14
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th
March 2007
4. Complete Connections
A
C B
a
c
b
a
2
a1
A2
A
1
C1
C
2
B
1
B
2
b2
b1
c
1
c
2
Dy11
15
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th
March 2007
5. Winding representation on core
c
1
c
2
b1
b2
a1
a2
a
b
c
A
B
C
C2 C1
B
2
B
1
A
2
A
1
Dy11
16
17
th
March 2007
Over Current Protection
of Transformer
17
17
th
March 2007
Transformer rating Fuse
kVA
100
200
300
500
1000
5.25
10.5
15.8
26.2
52.5
16
25
36
50
90
3.0
3.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
Full load
current (A)
Rated
current (A)
Operating time at
3 x rating(s)
11kV Distribution Transformers
Typical Fuse Ratings
18
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th
March 2007
51
3.3kV
200/5
50 51
1MVA
3.3/0.44kV
1500/5
1500/5
64
N
50
N
51
N
Distribution Transformers
Protection
19
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th
March 2007
11kV
50 51
5MVA
11/3.3kV
1000/5
1000/5
64
51
N
64
3.3kV
Distribution Transformers
Protection
20
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th
March 2007
Requirements
Fast operation for primary short circuits
Discrimination with downstream protections
Operation within transformer withstand
Non-operation for short or long term
overloads
Non-operation for magnetising inrush
Transformer Over Current
Protection
21
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th
March 2007
Source
HV
LV
50
51
50 set to 1.2 to 1.3 x through fault level
Instantaneous Over Current
Protection
22
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th
March 2007
Concerns relay response to offset waveforms (DC transient)
Definition

I
1
- I
2

I
2

x 100
I
1
= Steady state rms
pick up current
I
2
= Fully offset rms
pickup current
I
1
I
2
D.C
Transient Overreach
23
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March 2007
Source
LV HV
50
50
Inst O/C
50
Time O/C 51
51 51
Protection
24
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March 2007
50 set to 1.2 - 1.3 x through fault level
Grading Margin
Relay Behind
Transformer
50 Max HV
Setting Fault Level
(at Transformer)
Protection
25
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th
March 2007
HV2
51
51/
50
51
LV HV1
Time
LV
HV1
HV2
Current
I
F(LV)

1.2I
F(LV)

I
F(HV)

Protection
26
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th
March 2007
2-1-1 Distribution
I
3
I
3
I
3
I
3
0.866
27
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th
March 2007
I
3
0.866 I
3
0.4 sec
LV relay
HV relay
2-1-1 Distribution
28
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th
March 2007
Parallel Transformers
Protection
29
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th
March 2007
Grid supply
Feeders
51
51
67
67
51
51
Parallel Transformer Protection
Directional Over Current
30
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th
March 2007
Grid supply Feeders
51
51
51
51
51
Bus
Section
Non-directional Over Current
31
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th
March 2007
67 67
51
51
51
51
P1
P1
S1
S1
S2
S2
P2
P2
Grid supply
Partial Differential
32
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March 2007
Earth Fault Protection
33
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th
March 2007
1 p.u. turns \3 p.u. turns
x
I
P

PR
R
I
F

Earth Fault in a DY Transformer
Resistance Grounded
Resistor R limits earth fault current to load values
For a fault at x;
Fault current I
F
= x.I
FL
Effective turns ratio is \3 : x
Line current on delta side for this fault I
P
= (x
2
/ \3).I
FL

34
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th
March 2007
_
I
F

51
Over Current
Relay
I
f
as multiple
of I
F.L.

1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Fault
Current
Star Side
Fault
Current
Delta Side
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
x
p.u..

Over Current Protection on
Delta Side of DY Transformer
35
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th
March 2007
_
I
F

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
x

p.u..

I
f
as multiple
of I
F.L.

Solidly Grounded
Fault
Current
Star Side
Fault
Current
Delta Side
36
17
th
March 2007
_
I
F

I
P
I
N

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
_

p.u..

I
f
as multiple
of I
F.L.

I
N

I
P

I
F

Earth Fault in a YD Transformer
Solidly Grounded
37
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th
March 2007
I
Differential
Relay
Setting = I
S

_
protected not is winding Y of 59% Thus
59% i.e.
operation for 20%
3
then 20%, If e.g.
operation, relay For
3

2
S
S
2
>
> = I
I > I
= I
x
x
x
Differential Relay Setting % of Star Winding Protected

10% 58%
20% 41%
30% 28%
40% 17%
50% 7%
Resistance Grounded
38
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th
March 2007
51 51 51
51N
Provides back-up protection for system
Time delay required for co-ordination
Un-restricted Earth Fault
Protection
39
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th
March 2007
Can provide better sensitivity (C.T. ratio not related to full load
current Improved effective setting)
Provides back up protection for transformer and system
51 51 51
51N
51N
Un-restricted Earth Fault
Protection
40
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th
March 2007
Protected
Zone
REF
Relay only operates for earth faults within protected zone.
Uses high impedance principle.
Stability level : usually maximum through fault level of transformer
Restricted Earth Fault Protection
Star Winding
41
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th
March 2007
A B C N
LV restricted E/F
protection trips
both HV and LV breaker
Recommended setting : 10% rated
Star Windings
42
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th
March 2007
A B C N
Star Windings
LV restricted E/F
protection trips
both HV and LV breaker
Recommended setting : 10% rated
43
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th
March 2007
Protected zone
REF
Source
Delta winding cannot supply zero sequence current to
system
Stability : Consider max LV fault level
Recommended setting : less than 30% minimum earth
fault level
Delta Winding
44
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March 2007
Protected
Circuit
R
Z
M

R
CT

R
L

Z
M

R
CT

R
L

I
F

I
S

R
ST

V
S

R
L
R
L

High Impedance Differential
Voltage across relay circuit V
S
= I
F
(R
CT
+ 2 R
L
)
Stabilizing resistor (R
ST
) used to limit spill current in the relay
path to less than the relay setting (I
S
)
R
ST
= (V
S
/I
S
) R
R

V
K
> 2V
S
= 2 I
F
(RCT + 2 RL)
45
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th
March 2007
During internal faults the high impedance relay circuit offers an
excessive burden to the CTs.
A very high voltage develops across the relay circuit and the
CTs.
Can cause damage to insulation of CT, secondary winding and
relay.
Magnitude of peak voltage V
P
is given by an approximate
formula (based on experimental results)
V
P
= 2\2 \[V
K
(V
F
- V
K
)]
Where V
F
= Max. prospective voltage in the absence of
saturation. (= I
Fmax
. Relay circuit total impedance)
Metrosil required if V
P
> 3kV
Non-linear Resistors
46
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th
March 2007
1MVA
(5%)
11000V 415V
1600/1
R
CT
= 4.9O
80MVA
R
S

1600/1
R
CT
= 4.8O
I
S
= 0.1
Amp
2 Core 7/0.67mm
(7.41O/km)
100m Long
Calculate :
1) Setting voltage (V
S
)
2) Value of stabilising
resistor required
3) Effective setting
4) Peak voltage developed
by CTs for internal fault
Example 1
47
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th
March 2007
Earth fault calculation :-
Using 80MVA base
Source impedance = 1 p.u.
Transformer impedance = 0.05 x 80 = 4 p.u.
1
Total impedance = 14 p.u.
I
1
= 1 = 0.0714 p.u.
14
Base current = 80 x 10
6

\3 x 415
= 111296 Amps
I
F
= 3 x 0.0714 x 111296
= 23840 Amps (primary)
= 14.9 Amps (secondary)
1 P.U.
1 4
I
1

4
I
2

4
I
0

Sequence Diagram
Example 1
48
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th
March 2007
(1) Setting voltage
V
S
= I
F
(R
CT
+ 2
RL
)
Assuming earth CT saturates,
R
CT
= 4.8 ohms
2
RL
= 2 x 100 x 7.41 x 10
-3
= 1.482 ohms
Setting voltage = 1.49 (4.8 + 1.482)
= 93.6 Volts

(2) Stabilising Resistor (R
ST
)
R
S
= (V
S/
I
S
) (1/I
S
2
) Where I
S
= relay current setting

R
S
= (93.6/0.1) (1/ 0.1
2
) = 836 ohms
Example 1
49
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th
March 2007
1.6
1.2
0.8
0.4
0.04 0.12 0.08 0
H AT/mm
(multiply by Ki to obtain total
exciting current in Amps)

W
e
b
e
r
/
m
2

(
T
e
s
l
a
)

(
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
y

b
y

K
v

t
o

o
b
t
a
i
n

r
m
s

s
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y

v
o
l
t
s
)

Kv Ki

Line & 158 0.341
Neutral CT

Earth CT 236 0.275
Example 1
50
17
th
March 2007
(3) Effective setting I
P
= CT ratio x (I
S
+ I
MAG
)
Line & Neutral CTs
Flux density at 93.6V = 93.6/158 = 0.592 Tesla
From graph, mag. Force at 0.592 Tesla = 0.015 AT/mm
Mag. Current = 0.015 x 0.341 = 0.0051 Amps

Earth CT
Flux density at 93.6V = 93.6/236 = 0.396 Tesla
From graph, mag. Force at 0.396 Tesla = 0.012 AT/mm
Mag. Current = 0.012 x 0.275 = 0.0033 Amps

Thus, effective setting = 1600 x (0.1 + [(4 x 0.0051) + 0.0033])
= 197. 92A
Example 1
51
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th
March 2007
Transformer full load current = 1391 Amps
Effective setting = (198/1391) x 100% = 14.2% x rated

4) Peak voltage = 2\2\[V
K
(V
F
- V
K
)]
V
F
= 14.9 x V
S
/I
S
= 14.9 x 936 = 13946 Volts

For Earth CT, V
K
= 1.4 x 236 = 330 Volts (from graph)
V
P
= 2\2 \[330 (13946 - 330)]
= 6kV
Thus, non-linear resistor is to be used.
Example 1
52
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March 2007
A N
T1
Bus Section
T2
415 Volt
Switchboard
C B
Parallel Transformer
53
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March 2007
CT in Earth Circuit
A N
T1
Bus Section
Open
T2
415 Volt
Switchboard
C B
51N
51N
54
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March 2007
CT in Earth & Neutral Circuits
Bus section open
415 volt switchboard
51N
T2
T1 N A B C
51N
55
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March 2007
Bus section
415 volt switchboard
T1 N A B C
F2
F1
Will mal-operate if bus section is open
for fault at F1
No mal-operation for fault at F2 (but setting must be
greater than load neutral current)
T2
Residual CT Connection
56
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th
March 2007
Biased
Differential Protection
57
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th
March 2007
Phase differential protection may be justified for larger
transformers (generally > 5MVA).
Provides fast operation on any winding
Measuring principle :
Based on the same circulating current principle as the restricted
earth fault protection
However, it employs the biasing technique, to maintain stability
for heavy through fault current
Biasing allows mismatch between CT outputs.
Biasing is essential for transformers with tap changing facility.
Another important requirement of transformer differential
protection is immunity to magnetising in rush current.
58
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th
March 2007
BIAS BIAS
I
2
I
1

OPERATE
I
1
- I
2

Differential
Current
OPERATE
RESTRAIN
Mean Thro Current
(I
1
+I
2
)/
2
I
1
- I
2
Bias = Differential current / Mean through current
Biased Differential Protection
59
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th
March 2007
LV
R
HV
PROTECTED ZONE
Correct application of differential protection requires CT ratio and winding
connections to match those of transformer.
CT secondary circuit should be a replica of primary system.
Account for;
Difference in current magnitude
Phase shift
Zero sequence currents
Biased Differential Protection
60
17
th
March 2007
P1 P2 A2 A1 a1 a2 P2 P1
A B C
CT Connections
61
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th
March 2007
Interposing CT provides
Vector correction
Ratio correction
Zero sequence
compensation
R
R
R
P1 P2 A2 A1 a1 a2 P2 P1
S2 S1 P1 P2
S1 S2
S1 S2
Interposing CT Connections
62
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th
March 2007
S2 S1
P1 P2
A1 A2 a2 a1
P2
15MVA
66kV / 11kV
150/5
800/5
P1
Dy1
S1 S2
For the application shown above, consider
(1) Winding full load current
(2) Effect of tap changer (if any)
(3) C.T. polarities
Example 2
63
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th
March 2007
S2 S1
P1 P2
A1 A2 a2 a1
P2
15MVA
66kV / 11kV
150/5
800/5
P1
Dy1
S1 S2
Assuming no tap changer
Full load currents :- 66kV : 131 Amp = 4.37 A (sec.)
11kV : 787 Amp = 4.92 A (sec.)
However, require 11kV C.T.s to be connected in A
Thus, secondary current = \3 x 4.92 = 8.52A
RATIO CORRECTION IS REQUIRED
Example 2
64
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th
March 2007
Example 2
150/5 800/5
?? ??
?? ??
R
R
R
P1 P2 A2 A1 a1 a2 P2 P1
S2 S1 P1 P2
S1 S2
S1 S2
65
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th
March 2007
It is a normal practice to connect 11kV C.T.s in Star
and utilise a Star/Delta interposing C.T. (this
method reduces lead VA burden on the line C.T.s).
Current from 66kV side = 4.37 A
Thus, current required from Delta winding of ICT =
4.37A
Current input to Star winding of ICT = 4.92 A
Required ICT ratio = 4.92 / (4.37 /\3) = 4.92 /
2.52
Can also be expressed as 5 / 2.56
Example 2
66
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March 2007
Example 2
150/5 800/5
4.37A 4.92A
(5) (2.56)
R
R
R
P1 P2 A2 A1 a1 a2 P2 P1
S2 S1 P1 P2
S1 S2
S1 S2
67
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March 2007
Assume 66kV +5%, -15%
Interposing C.T. ratio should be based on mid tap
position
Mid Tap (-5%) = 62.7 kV
Primary current (@15 MVA) = 138 Amp
Secondary current = 4.6 Amp
Interposing C.T. ratio required = 4.92 / (4.6/ \3)
= 4.92 / 2.66
May also be expressed as : 5 / 2.7
As compared with 5 / 2.56 based on nominal voltage
Example 2 Effect of Tap Changer
68
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March 2007
R
R
R
P1 P2 A2 A1 a1 a2 P2 P1
S2 S1 P1 P2
S1 S2 S1 S2
Example 2 Vector Group
Current distribution verification
69
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March 2007
R
R
R
P1 P2 A2 A1 a1 a2 P2 P1
S2 S1 P1 P2
S1 S2 S1 S2
70
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March 2007
R
R
R
P1 P2 A2 A1 a1 a2 P2 P1
S2 S1 P1 P2
S1 S2 S1 S2
71
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March 2007
R
R
R
P1 P2 A2 A1 a1 a2 P2 P1
S2 S1 P1 P2
S1 S2 S1 S2
72
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March 2007
To differential relay
S2
S1
P1
P2
REF
S2
S1
P1
P2
S2 S1
P1 P2
a2 a1
A1 A2
Combined REF and
73
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th
March 2007
Power transformer
Differential
element
Virtual ICT
Vector
correction
Ratio
correction
Virtual ICT
Virtual ICT in
Numerical Relays
74
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th
March 2007
Stability for
Inrush Currents
75
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th
March 2007
Twice
Normal
Flux
Normal
Flux
Normal
No Load
Current
No Load
Current at
Twice Normal
Flux
Transformer Magnetizing
Characteristics
76
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th
March 2007
Steady State
+ u
m

- u
m

u
V
I
m

Transformer Magnetizing Current
77
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th
March 2007
Switch on at voltage zero - No residual flux
u
2u
m

V
I
m

Magnetizing Inrush Current
78
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th
March 2007
Appears on one side of transformer only
Seen as fault by differential relay
Normal steady state magnetising current is
less than relay setting
Transient magnetising inrush could cause relay
to operate
Effect of magnetising current
Effect of Inrush Current on
79
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th
March 2007
Allow magnetising current to die away before
relay can operate
Slows operation for genuine transformer
faults
Solution 1 : Time delay
80
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th
March 2007
Solution 2 : 2nd (and 5th) harmonic restraint
Makes relay immune to magnetising inrush
Slow operation may result for genuine
transformer faults if CT saturation occurs
81
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th
March 2007
Inhibits relay operation during magnetising inrush
Operate speed for genuine transformer faults
unaffected by significant CT saturation
Solution 3 : Gap measurement technique
82
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March 2007
Typical Magnetising Inrush Waveforms
A
C
B
Gap Measurement Technique
83
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March 2007
Differential
comparator
T1 = 5ms T2 = 22ms
Trip
Bias
Differential
Threshold
84
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March 2007
Bias
differential
threshold
Trip
Differential
comparator
T1 = 5ms
T2 = 22ms
Differential input
Comparator output
Trip
Reset
T2
T1
Stability for Inrush Current
85
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th
March 2007
Differential input
Comparator output
Trip
Reset
T2
T1
Operation for Internal Faults
Trip
Differential
comparator
T1 = 5ms
T2 = 22ms
Bias
differential
threshold
86
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March 2007
Auto Transformer
Protection
87
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March 2007
(a) Earth Fault Scheme
A
B
C
High impedance
relay
87
Auto Transformer Protection
88
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March 2007
(b) Phase and Earth Fault Scheme
A
B
C
a
b
c
87 87 87
n
Auto Transformer Protection
89
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March 2007
Inter-turn Fault
Protection
90
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th
March 2007
Nominal turns ratio
Fault turns ratio
Current ratio
- 11,000 / 240
- 11,000 / 1
- 1 / 11,000
Requires Buchholz relay
CT
E
Shorted
turn
Load
Inter-turn Fault
91
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th
March 2007
Inter-turn fault current Vs number of turns shorted
100
80
60
40
20
0
5 10 15 20 25
10
8
6
4
2
Fault current in short
circuited turns
Primary input current
Fault current
(multiples of
rated current)
Primary current
(multiples of
rated current)
Turns short-circuited (% of winding)
Inter-turn Fault
92
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th
March 2007
5 x internal pipe
diameter (minimum)
3 x internal pipe
diameter (minimum)
Transformer
3 minimum
Oil conservator
Conservator
Buchholz Relay Installation
93
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th
March 2007
Petcock
Counter balance
weight
Oil level
From transformer
Aperture adjuster
Deflector plate
Drain plug
Trip bucket
To oil
conservator
Mercury switch
Alarm bucket
Buchholz Relay
94
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th
March 2007
Over Flux
Protection
95
17
th
March 2007
Generator transformers and grid transformers
Usually only a problem during run-up or shut down,
but can be caused by loss of load / load shedding
etc.
Flux V/ f
Effects of over fluxing, increase in,
Magnetizing current
Winding temperature
Noise and vibration
Overheating of laminations and metal parts (caused
by stray flux)
Over Fluxing in Transformers
96
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Low frequency
High voltage
Geomagnetic disturbances
Tripping of differential element (Transient over fluxing)
Damage to transformers (Prolonged over fluxing)
2u
m

I
m

Causes
Effects
V = k f u
Over Fluxing in Transformers
Theory
u
m

97
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March 2007
Blocks differential element for transient over
fluxing
25% Overvoltage condition
43% 5th Harmonic content
5
th
Harmonic Restraint
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March 2007
Protective relay responds to V/f ratio
Measured from voltage input
Two stage protection
Stage 1 - lower A.V.R. or alarm
Stage 2 - Trip field or transformer
Definite time of Inverse time
Over Flux Protection
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Trip and alarm outputs for clearing prolonged over fluxing
Alarm : Definite time characteristic to initiate corrective action
Trip : IDMT or DT characteristic to clear over-fluxing condition
Settings
Pick-up 1.5 to 3.0 i.e. 110V x 1.05 = 2.31
50Hz
DT setting range 0.1 to 60 seconds
V/f = k u
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March 2007
DC
Circuit breaker
position repeat relay
AUX relay
Lower AVR
Inhibit AVR
raise
Alarm
Generator field circuit
breaker trip coil
RL2-2
Alarm
RL2-1
RL1-1
DC
Application
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Over Load
Protection
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March 2007
90 100 110 120 130 140
Hot spot temp C
0.1
1.0
10
100
Relative
rate
of using
life
With ambient of 20C, hot
spot rise of 78 is design
normal.
A further rise of 6 C doubles
rate of using life.
98
80
Transformer Overload and
Life of Insulation
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I
load

TD
setting
Top oil of
power
transformer
Heater
Thermal
replica
Temperature
sensing resistor
Remote
Temp. indication
Local
Off
On
Off
On
Alarm
Trip
Pump
control
Fan
control
I
load

Over Heating Protection
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Thermal replica for 1 or 3 protection.
Adjustable time constant : 5 mins. to 160 mins.
Current settings :
Thermal : 0.4 IN to 1.175 IN
Instantaneous : 2 IN to 25 IN
Thermal state indication
Separately adjustable trip and alarm settings
Thermal Over Load Protection
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Thank you

Protection Engineering and Research Laboratories: Session VII: Transformer Protection

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Protection Engineering and Research Laboratories: Session VII: Transformer Protection

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Protection Engineering

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