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Process Specifications Business Rules Structured English Decision Tables Decision Trees Horizontal Balancing
Process Specifications
What occurs within a process? How are the input data converted to the output information? Since DFD are not really designed to show the detailed logic of process. Process specifications () are created for processes and some higher level processes on a DFD. They are also called minispecs. Explain : the Decision-Making Logic, Business Logic and Formulas that will transform process input data into output. Each derived () element must have process logic to show how it is produced from the base elements.
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2. To obtain a precise () description of what is accomplished (). 3. To validate () the system design, including data flow diagrams and the data dictionary.
Ensures () that a process has all the input data flow necessary for producing the output. All input and output must be represented on the DFD.
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Processes that represent simple data validation (easy to accomplish). The edit criteria () are included in the data dictionary and incorporated () into the computer source code. Processes that use prewritten () code
(included in a system as subprograms and functions).
The following information should be entered: The process number, which must match the process ID on the DFD. This specification allows SA to work on or review any process and easily locate the DFD containing the process. Process name, the same as the name displayed within the process symbol on the DFD. A brief description of what the process accomplishes.
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A list of input and output data flow, using the names found on the DFD. Data names used in the formula or logic should match those in the data dictionary to ensure consistency and good communication. The Output data flows, using DFD and data dictionary names. An indication if the type of process: Batch (), Online or Manual. All on-line processes require screen designs, and all manual processes should have welldefined procedures for employees performing () the process tasks. If the process uses prewritten code, include the name of the subprogram or function containing that code. Data names used in the formulae or logic should match the data dictionary, for consistency and good communication.
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A description of the process logic that states policy and business rules, not computer language pseudocode. Common business rule formats include the following:
Definitions of business terms Business conditions and actions Data integrity constraints Mathematical and functional derivations Logical inferences Processing sequences Relationships among facts about the business
If there is not enough room on the form for a complete structured English description or if there is a Decision Table or Decision Tree depicting () the logic, include the corresponding table or tree name. List any unresolved issues (), incomplete portions of logic or other concerns. These issues form the basis () of the questions used for follow-up interviews.
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Structured English
It is special form of spoken English analyst use to illustrate the logic of processes depicted in DFD. It is based on structured logic, or instructions organized into nested and grouped procedures, sequence, conditional statement, repetition, and simple English statements. It is primarily a communication technique for analysts and user. It is an appropriate technique for analyzing the system when structured decisions are not complex.
Iteration Structure
Sequence Structure
Selection Structure
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The VERIFY ORDER process description includes logical rules and a structured English version of the policy. Notice the alignment and indentation of the logic statements.
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Next we determine if a claimant has policy A or policy B, which differ () in deductibles () and co-payments (the percentage of the claim claimants pay themselves). For both policies, we check to see if the deductible has been met ($100 for plan A and $50 for plan B). If the deductible has not been met, we apply the claim to the deductible. Another step adjusts () for the copayment; we subtract () the percentage the claimant pays (40% for plan A and 60% for plan B) from the claim. Then we issue () a check if there is money coming to the claimant, print a summary of the transaction (), and update our accounts. We do this until all claims for that day are processed.
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The example demonstrates how a spoken procedure for processing medical claims in transformed into structured English.
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Decision Tables
It is graphical methods for representing process logic. It provide a way to examine, describe, and document decisions using a table. They are used to:
Describe the conditions. Identify possible decision alternatives. Indicate actions should be performed. Describe actions.
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Fill in the condition alternatives. Start with the 1st condition and divide the number of columns by the number of alternatives for that condition.
YYYYYYYYNNNNNNNN Condition 1: Condition 2: Action 1: Condition 1: Condition 2: Action 1: YY YN XX Y X
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Complete the table by inserting an X where rules suggest actions. 7. Combine rules where it is apparent () that an alternative does not make a difference in the outcome (). 8. Check the table for any impossible situations, contradictions ( ), and redundancies (). 9. Rearrange () the conditions and actions if this makes the decision table more understandable.
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2. Enter the conditions under the heading, with one condition per line, to represent the customer status and available of products.
3. Enter the potential combinations of Y/N for the conditions. Each column represents a numbered possibility called a rule.
4. Place an X in the action entries area for each rule to indicate whether to accept or reject the order.
Rules 2,4,6 and 8 can be combined because they all have two things in common: 1. 2. They instruct us to send out this years Christmas catalog. The alternative for Condition 3 is always N
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Rule 1 is not feasible, because a person cannot earn greater than $50,000 per year and less than $2,000 per month at the same time.
Contradictions often occur of dashes [--] are incorrectly inserted into the table. Redundancy occurs when identical sets of alternatives require the exact same action. The analyst has to determine what is correct and then resolve the contradiction or redundancy.
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1 2 >2
The number of required columns and rows decreases and the understandability increases. Instead of using four rows for the number of timers a customer orders, only one row is needed.
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2. ELSE Rule: to eliminate repetitive rules requiring the exact same action.
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Decision Trees
Decision tree is a graphical representation of a decision situation. Decision trees are used when complex branching occurs in a structured decision process. Trees are also useful when it is essential to keep a string of decisions in a particular sequence. Decision tree are most often drawn with the root of the tree on the left side and the tree branches out to the right. This orientation allows the analyst to write on the branches to describe conditions and actions.
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Horizontal () Balancing
It is used to verify that each process has the required data dictionary entries defined and the formulas and logic necessary to produce the output. Process specifications may be used to analyze the DFD and data dictionary through a method called horizontal balancing. Horizontal balancing dictates () that all output data-flow elements must be obtained from the input elements and process logic. Base elements on an output data flow must be present () on the input flow. Derived elements on an output flow must be either present on an input data flow or created using the process specifications. Unresolved areas should be summarized into a series of interview questions.
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Shows corresponding data dictionary entries for producing the Supplier Sales Receipt.
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Review Question
List the three reasons for producing process specifications. What is the advantage of using structured English to communicate with people in the organization? What three advantages do decision trees have over decision tables? In which two situations should you use structured English?
(when many actions are repeated and when communicating with others is important)
require a method that effectively avoids impossible situations, redundancies, and contradictions.)
What four elements must be known for the systems analyst to design systems for structured decisions?
(Conditions, Condition Alternatives, Actions, and Action Rules)
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