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Unit II: The Needs of Computation
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Humans Everyday Life
Eating, working, sleeping,
The Human Beings
Eat less than pigs
Are weaker than apes and elephants
Run slower than panthers
However, the human beings are intelligent
Trying to do many things that
we have to do or
we are not able to do
More more, bigger, larger, faster, longer,
In short, we solve various problems in everyday life
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Humans Problem-Solving
Problem solving is a sequence of steps or methods that
solve part of the domain problem
Physically or Mechanically
To run faster: bicycles, cars, trains,
To make more food: toaster, mills,
To fly high: aircrafts, jets,
Machines are stronger, faster, more accurate than the
human beings and they never get tired.
To design machines that implement the sequence of steps of
problem-solving
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Humans Problem-Solving
Problem solving is a sequence of steps or
methods that solve part of the domain problem
To improve the ability of human mind
To read, to write, to teach, to learn, even to think
What is the sequence of steps or methods to realize
reading (writing, teaching, learning, or thinking)?
Mathematics is the one (close but not perfect)
+<=>
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Computing, Computation, and
Computers
Problem-solving
Human Machine Mathematics
Mathematics problem-solving
Numbers/Symbols
Calculation Steps
For computing
The computing machine (or computer)
The main task is to compute

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The difference between humans and
computing machines
In human beings
input
think
act
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The difference between humans and
computing machines
In machines
input
compute
act
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Transformation
input
think
act
input
compute
act
c} -
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Transformation
Transformation
Representation (I/P)
Interfacing
Sensing (e.g., DSP)
Data structure
etc.
Representation (O/P)
Control
Robotics
Mechanism
etc.


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Transformation
Humans problem-solving strategies
Mathematical representation/reasoning
Machine executable steps
Algorithm Design
Programming Language
Data structure + Algorithm = Program
Program + Computer
Computer-based problem-solving
Human problem-solving
think
compute
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Representation of the World
Calendar
Month: 12, Week: 7, Day: 30
Hour: 12/24, Min./Sec.: 60
others
Number Systems in Humans Life
7, 10, 12, 24, 60
How to compute in these number
systems?
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Computation in Different Number
Systems
Math.
10
u
Computing in the 10-based number system
Human: +
Machine:
Some ways to represent 10 different states
Physical limitations and constraints
What materials?
Cost/Performance/Capacity?
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Design Issues
A Machine that is capable of
representing N-based number system (N different
states)
performing fast and accurate computation in the N-
based number system
being reliable and not too expensive
Binary system is the one
Why?

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The Binary System
The binary system
There are only 2 different states
ON/OFF, B/W, 1/0, etc.
To represent the world using binary notations
Data represented in other number systems have to be
transformed into the binary system
Computation is done in the binary system
The result is converted from its binary format into the original
format

; ; ; ;
(2
0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
2
6
)
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The Binary System
Computation in the 10-based number system
5+3=8
1000*25=25000
Computation in the binary number system
How to ?
Algebra? Operator? Operand?
ON + ON * OFF = ??
Performing a sequence of binary operations
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The Binary Computing System
Computer: A computing mechanism that performs
binary operations
Currently, they are implemented in silicon chips (VLSI)
Circuits for computation
01111
00011
10010
15
3
+
10
+
2 18
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Problem-solving using computers
Computers solve computable problems
A Problem
Describing
The Problem
in Math.
Computing
The
Corresponding
Math.
Problem
Returning
The Result
Solution
To The
Problem
Human problem-solving v.s. computer-based problem-solving
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Conclusion
Computers are for human problem-solving
Mathematical representation of problems and solving
steps
Computers are computing machines
Computers solve computable problems
Some problems are un-computable
Current computers are implemented in the binary
numeric system (due to the limitations of physical
implementation)