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Voltage Regulation

ECE592-20, Spring 2012 (to be strictly used at North Carolina State University, in accompaniment with: Electric Power Distribution Handbook by Tom Short; CRC Press, 2004 Electric Power Distribution System Engineering by Turan Gonen, CRC Press, 2007 Also contains excerpts from theProgress Energy Distribution Engineering Manual)

Voltage Regulation
Voltage Standards Voltage Control on the system Voltage Regulators
Sizing & overloading Settings Modes of operation

Voltage Standards

Voltage Standards North Carolina

(North Carolina Utilities Commission Rules, Chapter 8)

Voltage Standards North Carolina

(North Carolina Utilities Commission Rules, Chapter 8)

Voltage Standards North Carolina

(North Carolina Utilities Commission Rules, Chapter 8)

Voltage Control on the system


Generator voltage regulators Substation voltage regulators Substation capacitors Load balance Feeder conductor size Loading appropriate for multiphase instead of single phase lines Feeder loading & proper infrastructure planning for new substations & new feeders (to avoid excessive voltage drop on existing feeders) Primary voltage levels Distribution feeder regulators Capacitors

Voltage Regulators
Substation type (3 phase) or distribution type (1 phase) Essentially an autotransformer with many taps in the series winding. Common distribution regulator:
+/- 10%, 32

Whats the big deal about the neutral tap & bypassing?

Voltage Regulator Schematic

Voltage Regulators
Substation type (3 phase) or distribution type (1 phase) Essentially an autotransformer with many taps in the series winding. Sizing is not for the throughput; sizing is regulation range x voltage rating x load current rating
10% x 13.2 kV x 200 amps = 264 kVA

Voltage Regulator Settings


Band center Bandwidth Time delay: 30-60 seconds Line drop compensation Operational modes Over and under voltage limits Other.

Voltage Regulator Settings


Band center: desired output voltage Bandwidth: set 2x step size
+/- 10% 32-step regulator = 0.625% per step 0.625 x 2 = 1.25 (minimum bandwidth)

Time delay: 30-60 seconds Line drop compensation Operational modes

Voltage Regulator Settings


Band center Bandwidth Time delay: 30-60 seconds Line drop compensation
R volts, X volts

Rset

I CT RL N PT

X set

I CT XL N PT

Voltage Regulator Settings

Voltage Regulator Settings


Band center Bandwidth Time delay: 30-60 seconds Line drop compensation Basic operational modes:
Bidirectional Ignore or Cogen mode

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