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Prepared & Presented By: Hem Raj Paneru MD 2nd Year, Anesthesiology Moderator: Prof. Dr. B B Singh NAMS
16th Magh, 2067
Aims
To review the history of laparoscopic surgeries.
Hitorical notes
1980: Patrick Steptoe (UK): started laparoscopic procedures. 1983: Semm (German gynecologist): performed the first laporoscopic appendectomy. 1985: Erich Muhe (Germany): 1st reported lapaorscopic cholecystectomy. 1987: Ger: lap repair of inguinal hernia.
1990: Bailey and Zucker (USA): laparoscopic anterior highly selective vagotomy with posterior truncal vagotomy.
Surgical Steps
Introduction of Veress Needle
Creation of pneumoperitoneum
Electrocautery dissection
Helium Argon
CO2:
Safe during electrocautery Can be easily eliminated through the lungs Rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream
Hemodynamic Changes
IAP
CNS
1) Intrathoracic pressure 2) PaCO2 & CBF 3) Compression of IVC, lumbar spinal pressure & CSF drainage
ICP
Hepatoportal
? Splanchnic blood flow
Mechanical compression ADH Superior mesenteric artery constriction
Renal
Decrease in renal blood flow when IAP >15 mmHg
Decrease in GFR Decrease in urine output Decrease in creatinine clearance Decrease in sodium excretion Potential for volume overload in the face of excessive fluid administration.
Lower Limb
1) Femoral venous blood flow
2) Pooling of blood (Reverse Trendelenberg position)
DVT
Neurohumoral Responses
RAA system activation ( renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone)
Sympathetic system activation ( catecholamines)
Effect of Positioning
Effects of Positioning
Position varies according Associated changes are to the anatomical site of related to: operation Degree of head-down/up
Trendelenberg position
Pelvic and inframesocolic procedures
tilt Patients age Intravascular volume status Associated cardiac disease Ventilation techniques Anesthetic drugs
Patients with coronary heart disease with poor left ventricular function - central blood volume, and pressure changes maybe deleterious
CNS
CBF
ICP
Venous return
Respiratory System
Increased FRC
Pulmonary:
Hypercapnia, hypoxemia, atelectasis, barotrauma
Surgical
Hemorrhage, damage to hollow viscera, damage to nerves
Mechanical
Damage to nerves or eyes (positioning and draping), dislodgement of ET tube with endobronchial intubation
Miscellaneous:
Hypothermia, nausea and vomiting, hyperkalemia, renal failure, increased risk of regurgitation
Dysrhythmias
Tachycardia, bradycardia, VPCs, asystole
Identify the cause Stop gas insufflation Consider Atropine (may need to give undiluted atropine) Dont delay CPR
Endobronchial Intubation
Carina shifts upwards with creation of pneumoperitoneum
Exaggerated by positioning (head down)
Hypoxemia
Pre-existing conditions: morbid obesity, COPD
Hypoventilation: positioning, pneumoperitoneum, ET tube obstruction, bronchospasm, inadequate ventilation, gas embolism. Intrapulmonary shunting: decreased FRC, endobronchial intubation, pneumothorax, atelectasis.
Decreased Cardiac Output: hemorrhage, dysrhythmias, myocardial depression. Technical equipment failure: circuit disconnection, delivery of hypoxic gas mixture.
Hypercarbia
Excessive absorption of CO2 Hypoventilation Increased dead space CO2 embolism Pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, pneumopericardium Subcutaneous emphysema Exhausted CO2 absorber Unidirectional valve dysfunction Malignant hyperthermia
Absolute Contraindications
Acute or recent MI Blood dyscrasias
Conduct Of Anesthesia
Pre-anesthetic check-up & Pre-op advice
History, physical examination, risk assessment. Premedication: H2-blocker, Anxiolytic (midazolam/diazepam)
Conduct Of Anesthesia
Goals:
IAP: 12 15 mmHg (dont allow to rise >20 mmHg) Airway pressure <40 cmH2O (20 30) EtCO2 ~ 35 mmHg Maintain BP and HR.
Prevent Acid Aspiration ET tube displacement Rhythm changes esp. at the time of gas insufflation PONV prophylaxis Post-operative pain management
Give attention to
Induction: Injection Pethidine 0.5 1 mg/kg; then inj Propofol (1.5 2 mg/kg) or STP (5 mg/kg); Succinylcholine (vecuronium, rocuronium, cisatracurium) + Inj Dexamethasone 4 mg iv for PONV prophylaxis Intubation: appropriate size cuffed ET tube (LMA not recommended). NG or OG tube insertion and aspiration of stomach content (air)
Maintenance: Isoflurane (or TCI of TIVA) + O2 + Muscle relaxant ; Ventilation: O2 + IPPV (spontaneous ventilation not recommended) adjusted to eliminate CO2
End: Give inj ondansetron 4 mg; stop isoflurane when instruments are removed; slightly reduce ventilation, allow the patient to breathe spontaneously (but avoid hypoventilation); Reversal agent
Halothane (+ fentanyl) not recommended.
Extubation
Watch for facial edema Watch for subcutaneous emphysema Inspect oropharynx
After 20 30 minutes, new equilibrium levels are reached between the different compartments, and the rate of PCO2 rise is slower.
Postoperative management
Issues:
Pain: wound/ right shoulder PONV
PONV
Incidence as high as 42%. Inj Dexamethasone 4 mg iv at the time of induction. Inj Ondansetron 4 mg iv at the end of surgery. Third anti-emetic for rescue therapy. Adequate pain control.
Recent Advances
Gasless Laparoscopy
ABDOLIFT
Gasless Laparoscopy
12 patients, ASA I & II 4 ml 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine + 150g Morphine Minimal operating table tilt CO2 pneumoperitoneum IAP <10 mmHg
Uncomplicated surgery
Minimal post-operative analgesia requirements No PONV
Thank You