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SURFACE PROPERTY MODIFIERS

Polymer Surface influences: Friction & Wear Adhesion to other substrates Surface Conductivity Which in turn is influenced by Surface Roughness Polarity of Chemical groups Boundary layers of foreign matter

SURFACE PROPERTY MODIFIERS


Additives which increase as Surface Roughness Anti Blocking & Anti Slip Additives Block: Ability of a layer of film to adhere to another layer of film Slip: Ability of a layer of film to slide past another layer of film Surface roughness reduces the intimacy of contact By incorporation of incompatible microscopic particles causing micro fractures By incorporation of rubber particles Differential shrinkage Excessive use of anti blocking additive adversely affects optical properties Excessive use of anti slip additive causes wet blocking Diatomaceous earth, Silica flour, Zeolites, Fatty Acid Amides, Waxes, Boron Nitride

SURFACE PROPERTY MODIFIERS


Additives which form Boundary layer By exudation of the additive Solid Lubricants: Reduces friction & wear Molybdenumdisulfide, Graphite, PTFE Powder Antistatic Agents: Static charge develops on the surface when two surfaces are separated Static charge build up depends on rate of generation & rate of decay Static Charge build up poses lot of problems Dissipated by: Grounding Increasing moisture content External Antistatic agents By solution application Susceptible to removal Internal Antistatic agents Exude Forms conductive layer Ionic materials Quaternary Ammonium Compounds Hydrophilic Materials Polyglycols, Polyhydric Alcohols, Sulfonic,Phosphoric acid derivatives

SURFACE PROPERTY MODIFIERS


Additives which alter Surface Polarity Adhesion Promoters: Adhesion depends on the type of chemical bonds at interface of polymer & substrate Surface tension between Polymer & Substrate should be low for good wetting characteristics Substrate Polar Polymer Non Polar Additive Compatible polar low m.w. Monomolecular layer Dosage & Compatibility Phosphorous Compounds By Chelation with metal ions Acids Stearic, Salicylic, p-chlorophenylsubstituted fatty acids Amines Piperidines Coupling Agents ( R-O-)a-M-(R-X )4-a (Tetravalent M = Silicon,Titanium,Zirconium)

OPTICAL PROPERTIES MODIFIER


Polymer response to visible light (400-700 nm) Ability to transmit, absorb, reflect incident light % Transmission = [1 (R.I. 1)2/ ( R.I.2 + 1)] X 100 Transmission also depends on Light Scatter Light Scatter depends on surface irregularities & scattering centers (particles & voids) Particle size ~ /2 Scatter maximum Particle size << Scatter drops significantly Ii = Isc + Iabs + Itr Transmission T= Itr/Ii = 1-Fabs Fsc Backward Scatter (Milkiness) & Forward Scatter (Haze) Gloss = Ir (45)deg /Ii

OPTICAL PROPERTIES MODIFIER


Colorants Surface coating or dyeing, Introducing Chromophores, Mass Coloration Dyes: Soluble Bleeding, Migration, Reactive, Poor light fastness, Lack of heat stability Pigments: Insoluble, Heat Stability, Light Fastness, Dispersability, Chemically inert Pigment Dispersion Lack of dust, handling ease Optimum particle size for color value, tinting strength, transparency, opacity characteristics Inorganic : Unreactive Stable TiO2, Metal Oxides, Metallic Salts Elemental : Carbon Black Organic: Based on chemical structure Bright Phthalocyanines :Stability to light, heat, Chemical agents

OPTICAL PROPERTIES MODIFIER


Fluorescent Pigments: Fluorescent dyes incorporated into thermoset resin matrix, cured, ground Absorb in U.V. or Visible light & reemit at other visual wavelengths. U.V. absorption of additives inhibit the efficiency Brighter color reflected than incident light Luminescent & Phosphorescent Pigments: ZnS, CdS & ZnO Crystals Store U.V. or Visible light & reemit visible light of weak intensity for short duration when all light sources removed. Fragile, liable to fracture Optical Brighteners: Absorb in near U.V. ~ 350-380nm & reemit in the blue end of visible spectrum ~ 430-450nm High degree of purity & Excellent dispersion essential prerequisites Light reflected by an object Diffuse Reflectance at (DR) = ----------------------------------------------------Light reflected by an ideal white surface MgO reflects light radiation almost completely DR of PS WITH 0.5% TiO2 decreases from longer to shorter wavelengths DR of Optical Brighteners in shorter wavelength region exceeds DR of MgO Additives capable of U.V. absorption has an adverse effect

OPTICAL PROPERTIES MODIFIER

Benzosulphonic & Sulphonamides derivatives of 4naptholtriazolyl stilbene Vinylene bisbenzoxazoles 4-alkyl-7-dialkyl amino coumarins

OPTICAL PROPERTIES MODIFIER


Additives altering light transmission characteristics Amorphous Polymers Good light transmission Crystalline Polymers Internal haze Differences in R.I. between crystalline & Amorphous phase Spherulites > Internal Scatter Reduce crystallinity Polymorphic Maximise crystals of lowest density Reduce the size of spherulites to < by nucleation Nucleating AgentsK,Na,Li Benzoates

FLAME RETARDANTS
Combustion Mechanism Source of external energy Rise in Polymer Temperature Rate of increase depends on rate of supply,thermal,geometrical characteristics Thermal decomposition ( Pyrolysis) Formation of free radicals Oxygen attack Ignition & rate of flame propagation Ease & rate of formation of OH CO2 & H2O Exothermic reaction Auto catalytic Auto ignition Gas phase consists of gases, liquids, charred solids, smoke Solid particles leads to formation of less reactive OOH Combustible gases & oxygen ( LOI ) above ignition temperature cause ignition Combustion follows ignition Ease of combustion function of bond cohesive energy Combustion followed by flame propagation Flammability of polymers depend on 1)Chemical Structure 2)Intrinsic flammability of volatiles 3)Ratio of combustible matter in gas phase

FLAME RETARDANTS

FLAME RETARDANTS
Reactives: Special intermediates (Highly Halogenated or Phosphorous Compounds) incorporated into polymer structure during crosslinking Epoxy, Polyesters, Polyurethanes Free from leaching, migration, volatilization Expensive Additives: Flexible, Less expensive Fire Retardants function by one or more of four mechanisms 1)Chemically interfere with free radical oxidation process reducing rate of formation of highly reactive OH Halogen Compounds with Sb2O3 I>Br>Cl>F Aliphatic > Alicyclic . Aromatic R-X R + X + RH HX + R + OH H2O + X RCl + Sb2O3 SbOCl(s) (245-280) Sb4O5Cl2 (s)+ SbCl3(g) 410-475 Sb3O4Cl2(s) + SbCl3(g) 475 565 Sb2O3(s) + SbCl3(g) 658 Sb2O3(l) Halogen transports highly active Sb trap to gas phase

FLAME RETARDANTS
Phosphorous Compounds Synergy with Halogen compounds O O (RO)2P-OR + HX (RO)2P-OH +RX Halides function in gas phase Acidic derivatives of Phosphorous in the condensed phase Metal cations have an antagonistic effect stable metal phosphates Sb2O3 converted to non volatile SbPO4 Phosphoric Acid promotes char formation

FLAME RETARDANTS
2) Produce large volumes of incombustible gases diluting oxygen supply Lower rate of combustion Drop in temperature < Ignition temperature Water, Ammonia, Nitrogen, Sulfur dioxide, Hydrogen halides (NH4)2SO4 Al(OH)3 3)React, Decompose, Change state endothermically Absorb heat Drop in temperature , Ignition Selfextinction 4)Forming an impervious fire resistant coating cut of oxygen supply Intumescent Thermal Insulation Reduction of volatiles Zinc, Calcium Borate Hygroscopic High molecular weight Organoborates Poly alcohol + Blowing Agent + Dehydrating Agent

FLAME RETARDANTS

FLAME RETARDANTS

SMOKE SUPRESSANT
Not much success Promotes oxidation Al(OH)3, Mg(OH)2,Zinc Borate, Zn3(PO4)2Mo &Sn compounds Function as catalysts Modify pyrolysis mechanism Benzene Smoke PVC cis,trans polyene crosslinked polymer all trans polyene char

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