1

• To label the bones, the skeletal

muscle and tendons in a diagram of
the arm;

• To explain how movement is brought

about in a limb;

• To state the function of cartilage &

synovial fluid at joints. 2
• Movement is caused by
the contraction of
skeletal muscles
which interact with
the bones.

• Muscle cells contract

in response to
stimulation which
carried by nerve
impulses.

• Muscles are attached

to bones by tendons
near a joint. 3
4
• Tendons consist of very strong
inelastic, non-stretchable
collagen fibres & appear as
glistening silver-grey strands
between the muscles & bones

• Function : to ensure that the

force produced by the
contraction of muscles is
transmitted to the part of the
body to be move.
5
• A joint is formed
where 2 or more
bones come together
 held together at a
joint by ligaments.

• Ligaments are tough

& strong connective
tissues, elastic &
allow the movement
of bones at a joint.
Also important in
preventing
dislocation.
6
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TYPE OF CHARACTERISTIC EXAMPLE FUNCTION
JOINT
Immovable/ Bones held •Skull •Protects
fixed together by •Pelvic delicate
(suture) fibrous girdle tissues of
connective brain & sense
tissue. No organs
movement between •Protect
bones. urogenital
organs; support
body
Partially Cartilage •Vertebral •Some degree of
movable bridges the column. flexibility
joints. Movement •Cartilage is a
is restricted. shock absorber,
cushions joint
& reduces
friction
8
TYPE OF CHARACTERISTIC EXAMPLE FUNCTION
JOINT
Movable/ •Ends of •Knee, •Movement in
sinovial articulating elbow, one plane
(iii)Hinge bones are finger
covered with joints
cartilage. Joint
enclosed by
joint capsule.
It is lined with
a thin synovial
membrane which
secretes
synovial fluid.
(ii) Ball-
•Shoulder,
and- •Movement in
hip joint
socket all planes and
some rotational
movement 9
COMPARISON BETWEEN
TENDON & LIGAMENT
TENDON LIGAMENT
similarities
made up of collagen fibres
hold two types of tissues together
differences
Bone & muscle Bone & bone

No elastin tissues Elastin tissues

present
Inelastic Elastic
10
MUSCL
ES

11
• Action on muscles
in bringing about
movement

• Some muscles work

together to bring
about movement
while other
muscles work in
opposition to one
another

12
 Antagonistic Muscles
• Muscles which work in opposition.
Eg : biceps and triceps
• Muscles can contract and relax
• Muscles can pull on the bones but
cannot push
• Muscles which straighten limbs are
called extensors
• Muscles which bend limbs are called
flexors
• Extensor work antagonistically with
flexor.
13
ANTAGONISTIC MUSCLES

14
• All muscles have 2
primary proteins
– Actin
– MyosiN

• Actin and myosin

are found in
sarcomeres, the
functional units of
muscle
contradiction

• Sacromeres consist
of thick filaments
(actin) which
interact to bring
about muscle
contraction. 15
• The source of
energy for
contradiction of
muscles is ATP,
which is produced
in adjacent
mitochondria in
the muscles

• Movement of the
body involves the
coordination of
opposing muscles
which are attached
to the bones
across the joints

16
• At the joint, the
bones are allowed
to move, in
relation to each
other, y the
elastic ligaments.

• The Synovial
membrane secretes
synovial fluid
which serves as a
lubricant to
minimize the
friction between
two bones
17
• The articulating
surfaces of the bones
are covered by flexible
cartilage.
• Cartilage protects the
joint and allows smooth
movements.
• It also absorb shock
when pressure is placed
on the joint, for
example when walking.

• W/out synovial fluid

and cartilage, the
bones will rub
together.
• It can lead pain and
swelling of joints 18
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