Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Kamaljot kaur
Khushpreet singh
INTRODUCTION
Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel engines
Biodiesel can be used easily because it can be mixed at any
proportion with diesel oil, hence enabling us to apply it
immediately for diesel engines without much modification
easy biodegradability
10 times less poisonous compared to the ordinary diesel oil,
the waste product is not black
less sulphur and other aromatic contents, hence the
combustion emission produced is safe for environment and
perform less accumulation of carbon dioxide gas in
atmosphere thus lessen further global heating effect (Chairil A.
et al., 2004).
ADVANTAGES
Biodiesel is very important alternatives energy
because the pollution of environment are
increased, plus the depletion of conservatives
petro-diesel.
The biodiesel also contribute to greener
environment where the emitted gases
contained higher concentration of oxygen
compared to petro-diesel.
The Fossil Fuels
12. The Renewable Fuels
CO2
Ethanol vs. Gasoline
Linseed
Biodiesel
Technology Progression
Synthetic Biorefinery
Gasification
Direct Synthesis?
Corn
Algae
Cellulosic Bioethanol
Jatropha curcas
Optimum 50
temperature
Time 92h
Conversion 80%
PRODUCTION OUTLINE
Cellulosic Ethanol Production
1st Pretreatment
Convert hemi-cellulose into pentoses (5 carbon sugars)
and partial breakdown of cellulose
steam explosion
Chemical methods:
cellulose to sugars
Cellulosic Ethanol Production
Lignin (By-product)
The solids remaining after the hemi-
cellulose and cellulose are converted to
sugars are washed, dried and used as fuel
source for power production.
Cellulosic Ethanol Production
Hydrolysis
(saccharification)
Hydrolysis breaks down the hydrogen
bonds in the hemi-cellulose and cellulose
fractions into their sugar components:
pentoses and hexoses.
The yeast contains an enzyme called
invertase, which acts as a catalyst and
helps to convert the sucrose sugars into
glucose and fructose (both C6H12O6)
Cellulosic Ethanol Production
Fermentation
The fructose and glucose sugars reacts with an
enzyme called zymase, which is also contained
in the yeast, to produce ethanol and carbon
dioxide.
The fermented mash, called beer, contains
Saccharify Distillers
Distillers Solubles
Grains
Enzymes w/Solubles
Grain Ethanol Production
Grinding
The grain passes through a hammer mill
which grinds it into a fine powder called
meal.
Grain Ethanol Production
Liquify and Cooking
The meal is mixed with water and
cooked to liquify the starch. Heat is
applied to enhance liquefaction resulting
in a mash.
Enzymes are added to facilitate starch
breakdown
Grain Ethanol Production
Saccharify
An enzyme is added to the mash to
convert the liquefied starch to
fermentable sugars
Grain Ethanol Production
Fermentation
Yeast is added to the mash to ferment the
sugars to ethanol and carbon dioxide.
In a batch process, the mash stays in one
fermenter for about 48 hours before the
distillation process is started.
Ethanol Production
Distillation (Cellulosic or Grain)
The distillation involves boiling the
water and ethanol mixture. Since ethanol
has a lower boiling point (78.3C) than
water (100C), ethanol vaporizes before
water and can be condensed and
separated
The distilled alcohol is about 96%
strength.
Ethanol Production
Drying & Denaturing
(Cellulosic or Grain)
Co-products
Up to 80-fold increase in desired plant metabolites
Ability to express entire metabolic pathways in plants
Cold germination
CO2 uptake
Light density
Photosynthetic Efficiency
Flowering time
Increased biomass
3.5
N (ng/ mg DW)
2.5
1.5
0.5
1 2
p < 0.001
Time Point
Nitrogen partitioning
Nitrogen uptake
Photosynthetic efficiency
Increased root biomass
under low nitrogen
Source: Company Presentations
Reducing Cost Through Enzyme Production…
Sterility
Fluorescent Transcription
Factor
marker factor
Flower
Seed
Stem
Leaf
Root
Ceres Industry Tissue-specific promoters
promoter standard
promoter
Source: Company Presentations
Ceres : Developing Commercial Energy Crops
Generating Plant Material for DNA Libraries Transformation with Ceres’ Traits
to be Used in Molecular Assisted Breeding
Embryogenic
callus
Plant
regeneration